Overview of the herpetofauna of the unexplored Cordillera del Condor of Ecuador

2014·11 MB·English

by  Ana Almendáriz

Anolispodocarpus. Photo byA. Almenddriz.
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Overview of the herpetofauna of the unexplored
Condor Ecuador
Cordillera del of
^Ana Almendariz, ^John E. Simmons, ^ ^*Jorge Brito, and ^’^Jorge Vaca-Guerrero
^Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Escuela Politecnica Nacional, Casilla 17-01-2759, Quito, ECUADOR ^Museologica, 128 Burnside Street,
Bellefonte, Pennsylvania 16823 USA
—
Abstract. ^The Cordillera del Condor is an area rich in unique vegetation assemblages and endemic
faunal elements; the herpetofauna is especially diverse, particularly the anurans. The montane
forest and sandstone tepuis, located atop large andesite and quartz formations, provide a variety
of habitats and microhabitats in which the herpetofauna finds food, shelter, and reproductive sites,
such as terrestrial and arboreal bromeliads and a soil type termed “bamba” that is covered with
mosses and roots. Information compiled from publications and recent studies has revealed the
presence of 120 species of amphibians and 59 species of reptiles, including 41 probable new species
(36 amphibians and five reptiles) in the genera Centrolene, Dendrobates, Pristimantis, Lynchius,
Chiasmocieis, Boiitogiossa, Anoiis, Erythroiamprus, Tantilia, and Dipsas.
—
Resumen. La Cordillera del Condor es un area rica en formaciones vegetales unicas y elementos
faum'sticos endemicos; presenta una singular diversidad herpetofaunistica, particularmente de la
anurofauna. Los bosques montanos y los de “tepuy,” asentados sobre piedras grandes de andesita
y cuarzo crean variedad de habitats y microhabitats, en donde la herpetofauna encuentra alimento,
refugio y lugares para la reproduccion, como por ejempio las bromelias terrestres y arboreas y
un suelo denominado “bamba” que esta cubierto de musgos y raices. La informacion recopilada
de material publicado y de los estudios realizados en los ultimos ahos revela la presencia de 120
especies de anfibios y 59 especies de reptiles. Los resultados incluyen 41 especies posiblemente
nuevas (36 anfibios y cinco reptiles) de los generos: Centroiene, Dendrobates, Pristimantis,
Lynchius, Chismocieis, Boiitogiossa, Anoiis, Erythroiamprus, Tantiiia, y Dipsas.
Key words. Ecuador, Cordillera del Condor, amphibian, reptile
Citation: Almendariz A, Simmons JE, Brito J, Vaca-Guerrero J. 2014. Overview of the herpetofauna of the unexplored Cordillera del Condor of Ecuador.
Amphibian & Reptile Conservation 8(1 [Special Section]: 45-64 (e82).
)
Introduction maintained the ecosystems of the Cordillera del Condor
almost intact. It has only been since the end of the con-
The fauna ofEcuador, in general, has not been extensive- flicts known as the Pasquisha War (which ended in Feb-
ly studied, despite a notable increase in research activ- mary 1981) and the Alto Cenepa War (which ended in
ity in recent years (Albuja et al. 2012). In particular, the Febmary 1995), that roads into the area have begun to
Cordillera del Condor region, in southern Ecuador along open, which has resulted in incipient colonization and an
the border with Pern (Figure 1), is a very poorly known awakened interest in mineral prospection in the region.
area. The purpose of this paper is to suncnnarize and re- Nevertheless, there are still some parts of the Cordillera
view herpetofaunal studies of the Cordillera del Condor del Condor that remain unaltered.
region. Studies of the avian and mammalian fauna have The Cordillera del Condor is part of a biologically di-
been published elsewhere (e.g., Albuja and Patterson verse, discontinuous, sub-Andean cordillera that has sev-
1996; Brito and Arguero 2012; Freile et al. 2014). eral characteristics that distinguish it from the rest of the
The long-running border conflicts between Ecuador Andes. Whereas the mainAndes are ofmetamorphic and
and Pern and the difficulty in accessing the region have igneous origin, the Cordillera del Condor is sedimentary,
composed largely of limestone and sandstone (Schul-
*Current address: Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Maturates, Rumi- enberg and Awbrey 1997). The region is dominated by
pamba yAvenida de los Shyris, Quito, ECUADOR
Correspondence. Emails: ana.almendariz®epn.edu.ee, ^simmons.johne®gmail.com (Corresponding author, John E. Sim-
^
mons), ^jorgeyakuma® yahoo.es, "^gheovak®hotmail.com
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Almendariz et al.
in altitude. In 1993, A. H. Gentry collected plants on one
77-D'O-W
i — of the highest points of the mountain range (2,100 m)
CD as part of a Rapid Assessment Program (RAP) survey,
_|5
COLOMBIA organized by Conservation International (Cl, a non-gov-
^Hivnpabhokn ernmental organization). Gentry found that the vegeta-
ECUADOR
tion structure and families ofplants were similar to those
1 of the sandstone tepuis of the Guiana Highlands (Schul-
1
ECUAI>0|SE 6fKtarMr1dOf PEHU enberg and Awbrey 1997). In recent years, D. Neill and
1 1
his collaborators have surveyed the flora at several points
yiadiriizA
tA in the cordillera, publishing descriptions of new species
k
and studying the environmental heterogeneity associated
with variable types of soils (Neill 2005; Neill and Asan-
^inrungirtzi PERU
za 2012; Neill and Ulloa 2011; Riina et al. 2014; Ulloa
et al. 2012). The diversity of plant assemblages on the
sandstone plateaus produces a variety of microhabitats
that provide food, shelter, and reproductive sites for the
0 25 50 100
herpetofauna, particularly terrestrial and arboreal brome-
- - liads; the “bamba” soils ofmany ofthese tepuis is thickly
TS-o'™ T7-o'o'W
covered with mosses and roots, and serves to Alter the
Fig. 1. Map of the Cordillera del Condor region.
tannins that darken the turbid water in creeks and streams
geologically complex mountains topped with sandstone (Figure 3).
m m
plateaus at elevations of 300 to almost 3,000 that According to the ecosystem classification for conti-
support habitats similar to the sandstone mountains of nental Ecuador (Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador
the Guyana Shield (Figure 2); many of the plateaus have 2012), the following ecosystems have been identified in
vegetation similar to that of the tepuis. Due to its loca- the Cordillera del Condor:
tion just northeast of the Huancabamba Depression, the
• Evergreen piedmont forest in the Condor-Kutuku
lowest point in the Andes (Duellman 1999), the Cordil-
ranges
lera del Condor receives moisture from both the Atlantic
— • Evergreen forest on the sandstone plateaus ofthe
and the Pacific sides of the Andes moisture from the
Condor range in the lower Ecuadorian Amazon
Western slopes ofthe Andes as well as moisture moving
east across the Amazon basin drops over the Cordillera
del Condor, providing frequent, year-round precipitation
(Schulenberg and Awbrey 1997).
The first systematic botanical studies of the region
were carried out in 1990 and 1991 in the Rfo Nangaritza
basin (in the southern region of the Cordillera del Con-
dor), under the auspices of the Proyecto Promobot and
the Tratado de Cooperacion Amazonica, with the partici-
pation of both Ecuadorian and foreign scientists. These
m
explorations were limited to areas below about 1,700
Fig. 2. Alto Paquisha, 2,400 m. Photo byA. Almendariz. Fig. 3. Vegetation in the interior of a tepui forest. Photo by A.
Almendariz.
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Herpetofauna of the Cordillera del Condor of Ecuador
• Lower montane evergreen forest in the Condor- toried the Comunidad Numpatakaime and confluence of
Kutuku ranges the Rio Tsuirim and the Rio Coangos.
• Evergreen piedmont forest on the sandstone mesas Another survey, conducted as part ofthe Proyecto Paz
ofthe Condor-Kutuku ranges y Conservacion Binacional en la Cordillera del Condor
• Evergreen lower montane forests on the sandstone Ecuador-Peru by the Organizacion Intemacional de las
mesas ofthe Condor-Kutuku ranges Maderas Tropicales, Conservation International, Fun-
• Montane humid shrub in the Condor range dacion Natura, and the Institute Nacional de Recursos
• Evergreen montane forests on the sandstone mesas Naturales (INRENA) in 2005 (Organizacion Intemacio-
ofthe Condor-Kutuku ranges nal de las Maderas Tropicales and Fundacion Natura y
• Montane humid shrub with herbaceous rosette Conservacion Intemacional 2005), collected data from
thickets (herbazales) in the Condor range several localities in the southern sector on the Ecuadorian
flank ofthe Cordillera del Condor, including Condor Mi-
Materials and Methods rador and Herradura. The corresponding Pemvian flank
survey was focused on the Zona Reservada Santiago Co-
Herpetological surveys of the region have been few and maina.
limited (Figure 1). The information presented below is Between March 2008 and July 2012, the Escuela Poli-
drawn from an extensive survey of the literature and tecnica Nacional team, under a contract with the Cardno-
recent field work. The majority of the studies have em- Entrix Corporation, carried out 16 expeditions to survey
RAP
ployed the Rapid EcologicalAssessment strategy or RAP the herpetofauna ofAlto Manchinaza. In 2009, a Cl
developed by Cl (Sayre et al. 2002), in habitats where the survey was conducted by personnel from the Pontificia
presence ofherpetofaunal elements was anticipated. Universidad Catolica del Ecuador, Louisiana State Uni-
The northern zone of the Cordillera del Condor is versity, and Fundacion Ecologica Arcoiris, with support
known from three studies. The first was carried out in from Secretaria Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia del
1972 in conjunction with a privately funded orchid col- Ecuador (SENACYT) of the tepuyes of the upper basin
lecting expedition (accompanied by personnel from the ofthe Rio Nangaritza (Guayasamm et al. 2011). In 2012,
Missouri Botanical Garden and the University ofKansas the Fundacion Naturaleza y Cultura Intemacional and the
Museum of Natural History), at elevations of 870-2,000 Universidad Estatal Amazonica organized an expedition
m
at the headwaters of the Rio Piuntza, Rio Chuchum- to Cerro Plateado (Figure 5), the southern point of the
bleza, Rio Numpatacaimi, and Rio Santa Agueda in Mo- Cordillera del Condor, which included researchers from
rona Santiago Province (Duellman and Simmons 1988). the Escuela Politecnica Nacional.
The second survey was a RAP assessment conducted by
Cl, the Escuela Politecnica Nacional, Fundacion Fedima, Results
and the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos.
The areas surveyed included the Ecuadorian flank ofthe The 1972 survey of the northern zone of the Cordillera
Cordillera del Condor (Coangos and Achupallas in Mo- del Condor resulted in the capture of 30 species, includ-
rona Santiago Province [Figure 4], Miazi and Shaimi in ing nine new species (e.g., Duellman and Simmons 1988,
Zamora Chinchipe Province). The Peruvian flank of the Lynch 1974, 1976, 1979; Lynch and Duellman 1980).
Cordillera del Condor was surveyed at the base of Cerro Specimens and additional records from this survey are
Machinaza, Alfonso Ugarte-PV3, Falso Paquisha-PV22, deposited in the Biodiversity Research Institute at the
and Puesto de Vigilancia Comainas. Subsequently, a University ofKansas, along with additional related spec-
third survey was carried out by Fundacion Natura (FN imens accounting for 47 species total (Reynolds 1997;
2000) to establish the Parque El Condor, which inven- Schulenberg and Awbrey 1997).
Fig. 4. Achupallas sector, 2,100 m. Photo byA. Almenddriz. Fig. 5. Peak ofCerrro Plateado, 2,900 m. Photo by V. Carvajal.
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Almendariz et al.
Fig. 6. Pristimantis sp. Photo byA. Almendariz.
Fig. 7. Centrolene condor. Photo byA. Almendariz. Fig. 8. Excidobates condor. Photo byA. Almendariz.
Fig. 9. Enyalioides rubrigularis (female). Photo byA. Fig. 10. Hyloscirtus condor. Photo by J. Brito.
Almendariz.
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Herpetofauna of the Cordillera del Condor of Ecuador
The second survey ofthe northern Zone ofthe Cordil- presence of several little known or new species, includ-
—
lera del Condor recorded a total of 34 species 27 am- ing a new species of highland poison dart frog, Excido-
phibians and seven reptiles (Almendariz 1997a, 1997b). bates condor (Almendariz et al. 2012; Figure 8) and geo-
Although the survey was conducted under adverse en- graphic range extensions for Phyllomedusa ecuatoriana,
vironmental conditions, geographic range extensions for Centrolene condor, Chimerella mariaelenae, Hyloxalus
several species were recorded. The Peruvian flank sur- mystax, and Enyalioides rubrigularis (Figure 9), among
veys recorded 58 species (35 anurans and 23 reptiles); others. In addition, ecological data and information on
the data from the Peruvian surveys was collected by per- reproduction, vocalizations, and other aspects of the life
sonnel from the Museo de Historia Natural ofthe Univer- history for these species was collected (Almendariz and
sidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos in 1987 (Reynolds Batallas 2012a, 2012b; Batallas and Brito 2014; Brito et
and Icochea 1997a, 1997b) and expanded the ranges of al. inprep.); at least 28 probably new species from differ-
two species for Peru, Rhinellafestae and Hemiphractus ent genera {Centrolene, Bolitoglossa, Pristimantis, Ano-
bubalus. The Parque El Condor survey lists a total of36 lis, Atractus, Erythrolamprus, Tantilla, and Dipsas) were
species (22 anurans, eight lizards, and six snakes), in- obtained, which are in the process of being described.
cluding nine species new to the Cordillera del Condor This project included environmental education and com-
herpetofauna, and makes reference to the difficulty of munity outreach work (Almendariz 2012).
identifying some of the material. The report summarizes The 2009 Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecua-
information known up to the year 2000, and lists a total dor survey recorded 27 species of amphibians and 17
of 95 species for the region (56 amphibians and 39 rep- reptiles, including a new species of anuran, Pristiman-
tiles). tis minimus (Teran-Valdez and Guayasamm 2010). This
The survey ofthe southern sector ofthe Cordillera del project included the publication ofa field guide to plants
C6ndor collected specimens that were not identified to and animals of the tepuis of Nangaritza (Almendariz
the species level ofthe genus Pristimantis (Figure 6), and 2010; Freile et al. 2010).
a glass frog provisionally identified as Centrolene cf. cro- The 2012 expedition to Cerro Plateado (Almendariz
ceopodes that in 2008 was named as Centrolene condor and Brito 2013) recorded 19 species. Of these, 14 were
(Cisneros-Heredia and Morales-Mite 2008; Figure 7). anurans and salamanders, including nine species of the
The surveys ofAlto Manchinaza recorded 70 species family Craugastoridae (most were members of the genus
of amphibians and 43 species of reptiles (Almendariz et Pristimantis). Based on the ecology of the area, it is as-
al. in prep.). The results of these surveys revealed the sumed that more species occur at this locality, including
A
members of the family Centrolenidae. new species of
torrent frog, Hyloscirtus condor (Figure 10), was de-
scribed based on specimens obtained on this expedition
(Almendariz et al. 2014), and at least eight new species
in the genera Lynchius, Pristimantis, and Bolitoglossa
were obtained that will be described in the future.
Discussion
The Cordillera del Condor is of particular importance
due to its high biodiversity and the presence of several
unique ecosystems (e.g., the sandstone formations simi-
Fig. 11. Herpetofaunal assemblages and endemics from the lar to tepuis). The Condor region, with its diverse range
Cordillera del Condor. ofhabitats, contains numerous species that correspond to
three faunal components: (1) Amazonian lowlands; (2)
ua UO
eastern flanks of the Andes, and (3) an endemic fauna
limited to the southern part of Ecuador (Duellman and
Lynch 1988). As shown in Figure 11, the BajaAmazonia
herpetofaunal assemblage contains more reptile species
(63%) than amphibian species (28%). In the herpetofau-
nal assemblages associated with the eastern slopes of the
Andes there are slightly more amphibian species (34%
and 32%). The percentages relative to the endemic com-
ponent ofthe Cordillera del Condor are notably higher in
AMPHSBIANS RtPHlLES
amphibians than in reptiles (41% and 7%).
TdIhIN*5ppcl^ MPntpntialtyNfwSpeaps A
summary of the herpetofaunal diversity of the
Fig. 12. Documented and predicted species diversity in the region is provided in Tables 1 and 2; a comparison of
Cordillera del Condor. known species diversity and predicted species diversity
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Almendariz et al.
Fig. 13. Lynchius sp. Photo by J. Brito. Fig. 14. Pristimantis muscosus. Photo byA. Almendariz.
Fig. 15. Cercosaura dicra. Photo by G. Gallardo. Fig. 16. Erythrolamprus sp. Photo byA. Almendariz.
Fig. 17. Tantilla sp. Photo byA. Almendariz. Fig. 18. Anolispodocarpus. Photo byA. Almendariz.
for the region is provided in Figure 12. Some ofthe more Condor: Enyaliodes rubrigularis (Torres-Carvajal et al.
distinctive species found in the region include frogs of 2009; Figure 9), Anolis podocarpus (Ayala-Varela and
the genera Lynchius (Craugastoridae; Figure 13) and Torres-Carvajal 2010; Figure 18), Pristimantis minimus
Pristimantis (Craugastoridae; Figure 14), the gynmoph- (Teran-Valdez and Guayasanun 2010), Excidobates con-
thalmid lizard Cercosaura dicra (Figure 15), and the dor (Almendariz et al. 2012; Figure 8), Hyloscirtus con-
colubrid snakes Erythrolamprus (Figure 16) and Tantilla dor (Almendariz et al. 2014; Figure 10), and Siphlophis
(Figure 17). ayauma (Sheehy et al. 2014). The work has expanded the
During the last five years, the following species have known geographic distribution of Anolis soini (Ayala-
been described based on material from the Cordillera del Varela et al. 2011; Figure 19) and revealed new distribu-
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Herpetofauna of the Cordillera del Condor of Ecuador
tion and natural history information for two other species
ofthe genera Centrolene and Hyloxalus (Almendariz and
Batallas 2012a, 2012b). It is also noteworthy that several
new species are in the process of being described in the
genera Pristimantis and Chiasmocleis (Almendariz et al.
A
in prep.). detailed publication about the herpetofauna
of the Condor region is in preparation (Almendariz et al.
inprep.).
Based on information published in the most recent
studies conducted in the Cordillera del Condor, there are
a total of 120 amphibian species (11 families, 31 gen-
era), and 59 reptile species (nine families, 28 genera), not
m
including those found at elevations below 850 (Fig-
ure 20). In addition, based on the specimens discussed
above, the area contains approximately 41 potentially
new species (36 amphibians and five reptiles; see Figure Fig. 19. Anolis soini. Photo by J. Vaca G.
12). These numbers indicate that the region has signifi-
cant endemic diversity (see Table 1, Table 2, and Figure
11
).
Conclusion
Within the Cordillera del Condor, four areas protected by
the Sistema Nacional de Areas Protegidas have been es-
tablished: (1) Reserva Biologica El Condor; (2) Reserva
Biologica El Quimi; (3) Reserva Biologica Cerro Platea-
do; and (4) Refugio de Vida Silvestre El Zarza. On the
eastern flank, the Peruvian government has concentrated
Fig. 20. Familial, generic, and specific diversity ofamphibians
its efforts to create Parque Nacional Ichigkat Muja-Cor-
dillera del Condor (SERNANP 2012). Nevertheless, the and reptiles in the Cordillera del Condor.
ecosystems in the Cordillera del Condor are threatened Plateado. Thanks also to Bruce MacBryde and the late
by imminent human colonization and settlement, the in- Milan D. Eiske for the opportunity to participate in the
troduction of agriculture and livestock, and mining; the 1972 expedition into the Cordillera del Condor.
latter activity poses the greatest threat to the conserva-
tion ofthe tepui-like forests and the health ofthe aquatic
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especially in little explored areas as in the case of the Mammalogy 77: 41-53.
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—
Acknowledgments. We thankthe Kinross and Card- ments/2009/07%20RAP%20Working%20Papers.pdf
no-Entrix Corporation and their administrative and field [Accessed: 30 August 2014].
staff for use of facilities to carry out recent held stud- Almendariz A. 1997b. Amphibian and reptile species
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for the invitation to participate in the expedition to Cerro dor Region of Ecuador and Peru: A Biological As-
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