Overview of nuclear legislation in Central and Eastern Europe and the NIS.

203 Pages·2003·0.951 MB·English

by  OECD

C1-NucLeg NIS Overview03 4268 30/03/04 12:53 Page 1
Legal Affairs
N
uclear Legislation in
Central and Eastern Europe
and the NIS
2003 Overview
N U C L E A R • E N E R G Y • A G E N C Y
Legal Affairs

Nuclear Legislation in Central
and Eastern Europe and the NIS

2003 Overview

© OECD 2003
NEA No. 4268

NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Pursuant to Article 1 of the Convention signed in Paris on 14th December 1960, and which came into force on
30th September 1961, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) shall promote policies
designed:
(cid:1) to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in
Member countries, while maintaining financial stability, and thus to contribute to the development of the
world economy;
(cid:1) to contribute to sound economic expansion in Member as well as non-member countries in the process of
economic development; and
(cid:1) to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a multilateral, non-discriminatory basis in accordance with
international obligations.
The original Member countries of the OECD are Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United
Kingdom and the United States. The following countries became Members subsequently through accession at the dates
indicated hereafter: Japan (28th April 1964), Finland (28th January 1969), Australia (7th June 1971), New Zealand (29th
May 1973), Mexico (18th May 1994), the Czech Republic (21st December 1995), Hungary (7th May 1996), Poland (22nd
November 1996), Korea (12th December 1996) and the Slovak Republic (14 December 2000). The Commission of the
European Communities takes part in the work of the OECD (Article 13 of the OECD Convention).
NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY
The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) was established on 1st February 1958 under the name of the OEEC
European Nuclear Energy Agency. It received its present designation on 20th April 1972, when Japan became its first
non-European full Member. NEA membership today consists of 28 OECD Member countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium,
Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan,
Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the Republic of Korea, the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The Commission of the European Communities also takes
part in the work of the Agency.
The mission of the NEA is:
(cid:1) to assist its Member countries in maintaining and further developing, through international co-operation, the
scientific, technological and legal bases required for a safe, environmentally friendly and economical use of
nuclear energy for peaceful purposes, as well as
(cid:1) to provide authoritative assessments and to forge common understandings on key issues, as input to
government decisions on nuclear energy policy and to broader OECD policy analyses in areas such as energy
and sustainable development.
Specific areas of competence of the NEA include safety and regulation of nuclear activities, radioactive waste
management, radiological protection, nuclear science, economic and technical analyses of the nuclear fuel cycle, nuclear law
and liability, and public information. The NEA Data Bank provides nuclear data and computer program services for
participating countries.
In these and related tasks, the NEA works in close collaboration with the International Atomic Energy Agency in
Vienna, with which it has a Co-operation Agreement, as well as with other international organisations in the nuclear field.

© OECD 2004
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FOREWORD
Progress in Nuclear Law in Eastern Europe
This study presents the current state of legislation and regulations governing the peaceful uses
of nuclear energy in the central and eastern European countries (CEEC) and the New Independent
States (NIS). It also contains information on the national bodies responsible for the regulation and
control of nuclear energy.
The nuclear energy sector has not escaped from the changes that have affected the political,
economic and social climates over the past fifteen years. Under the former socialist regime, activities
in this field came within the sole remit of the State administration. In the legal area, it had not been
deemed necessary in most of these countries to enact laws guaranteeing democratic control of
electronuclear programmes and establishing a clear distinction between activities promoting this
source of energy and regulatory control, while ensuring that safety imperatives take priority over all
other considerations.
With the arrival of new political forces came the will to remedy this situation promptly by
creating new regulatory structures and drafting legislative texts based on those used in western
countries. This evolution was all the more necessary given that, at the same time, the new policy of
accountability had revealed safety defects in numerous nuclear installations in these countries, thus
rendering international assistance indispensable.
From the legal point of view, the outcome of these years of effort is remarkably positive: almost
all countries of Eastern Europe pursuing electronuclear programmes have established institutions
capable of exercising efficient control over nuclear power plants and other installations. Accession to
the international conventions which form the backbone of nuclear law has become widespread.
Modern legislation is henceforth in place in almost all of these states.
*
* *
One of the principal objectives of the OECD Nuclear Energy Agency is to support the
development and harmonisation of nuclear legislation in its member countries – primarily in the field
of liability for nuclear damage. For many years, it has carried out a regular programme of study and
information on nuclear law which is demonstrated, in particular, by its publication of the Nuclear Law
Bulletin and studies devoted to various aspects of this discipline.
Faced with the proliferation of legislative and regulatory texts governing nuclear energy in
Eastern Europe and in light of the interest generated by this phenomenon, the NEA published an
Overview of Nuclear Legislation in Central and Eastern Europe and the NIS in 1997, describing both
applicable legislation and regulations and the bodies responsible for their implementation. This study
was first updated in 2000.
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Over the past three years, numerous other texts have been promulgated, and new international
conventions have entered into force in the CEEC and the NIS. It thus appeared timely to produce a
fully revised edition of this Overview, while also enlarging its scope.
The NEA Secretariat would like to take this opportunity to thank its correspondents in the
countries covered by this study for their assistance in bringing this new publication to a successful
conclusion. The Secretariat would also like to thank Christelle Drillat, consultant with the OECD
Nuclear Energy Agency, for her contribution to the study’s preparation.
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20 12
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217 18
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115 23
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1. Albania; 2. Armenia; 3. Azerbaijan; 4. Belarus; 5. Bosnia and Herzegovina; 6. Bulgaria; 7. Croatia; 8. Czech Republic;
9. Estonia; 10. Georgia; 11. Hungary; 12. Kazakhstan; 13. Latvia; 14. Lithuania; 15. Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia; 16. Republic of Moldova; 17. Poland; 18. Romania; 19. Russian Federation; 20. Slovak Republic; 21. Slovenia
22. Ukraine; 23. Uzbekistan.

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TABLEOFCONTENTS
Foreword .................................................................................................................................... 3
Albania ....................................................................................................................................... 7
Armenia...................................................................................................................................... 13
Azerbaijan .................................................................................................................................. 21
Belarus ....................................................................................................................................... 25
BosniaandHerzegovina ............................................................................................................ 35
Bulgaria ...................................................................................................................................... 41
Croatia ........................................................................................................................................ 53
CzechRepublic .......................................................................................................................... 61
Estonia........................................................................................................................................ 73
Georgia ....................................................................................................................................... 81
Hungary...................................................................................................................................... 87
Kazakhstan ................................................................................................................................. 99
Latvia ......................................................................................................................................... 107
Lithuania .................................................................................................................................... 117
FormerYugoslavRepublicofMacedonia ................................................................................. 127
RepublicofMoldova ................................................................................................................. 133
Poland ........................................................................................................................................ 137
Romania ..................................................................................................................................... 145
RussianFederation ..................................................................................................................... 159
SlovakRepublic ......................................................................................................................... 173
Slovenia...................................................................................................................................... 183
Ukraine ....................................................................................................................................... 195
Uzbekistan.................................................................................................................................. 205
ParticipationinInternationalNuclearTreaties .......................................................................... 209
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ALBANIA
Introduction
There are no nuclear power plants or reactors in Albania at present. The use of sealed and
unsealed radioactive sources and of ionising radiation generally is therefore limited to medical,
industrialandresearchpurposes.
However, Albania plans to commission a TRIGA research reactor at the Institute of Nuclear
PhysicsatTirana.
Theconstructionof a radioactive waste facilityfor the management of spent sealed sources and
hazardousmaterialswascompletedin2000.
CompetentNuclearAuthorities
Pursuant to the Law on Ionising Radiation Protection of 9November1995, the Radiation
Protection Commission(RPC), under the aegis of the Ministry of Health, is the national regulatory
authority for radiation protection matters. The RPC is headed by the Minister for Health and at least
50% of its members are requiredto be radiation protection specialists.The Chairperson nominates the
Commissionmembersforatermoffouryears.
TheRPChasextensiveresponsibilitiesincludingthefollowing:
• issue of regulations, guides and codes of practice for radiation protection and nuclear
safety,whicharebindingonalllegalentitiesandphysicalpersons;
• supervisingtheenforcementofthislegislation;
• issueoflicencesforallactivitiesinvolvingradiationsourcesorradioactivematerials;
• co-ordinationandsupervisionofallnationalandlocalauthoritiesinrespectofimmediate
enforcementofmeasuresnecessarytomitigatetheeffectsofnuclearaccidents;
• formulation of recommendations and proposals for the improvement of the radiation
protectionlegislationinforce;
• approvaloftheBasicSafetyStandardsforradiationprotection;
• co-operationwithnationalandinternationalorganisationsonradiationprotectionissues;
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• defining the structure of the Office of Radiation Protection, including requirements
concerningthenominationanddismissalofitsChairperson;and
• co-operationwiththeStateLabourInspectorate.
Under the authority of the RPC, the Office of Radiation Protection is responsible for
implementingitsdecisions.TheOfficealsoinspectsradiationinstallationsandprepares reportsforthe
RPCinrelationtotheissue,suspensionandrevocationoflicences.
Although the roles of the Institute of Public Health and the Institute of Nuclear Physics are not
specifically mentioned in the Law on Ionising Radiation Protection, in practice both are actively
involvedinitsimplementation.TheirrespectiverolesaretobedefinedinGovernmentdecrees.
The Institute of Nuclear Physics, Tirana, is part of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of
Albania. It is composed of four departments: Department of Radiometry and Radiation Protection,
Department of Analytical Methods, Department of Technology, Department of Radiochemistry and
Electronics,aswell asanAdministrative Department.For morethan30years,themainactivityof the
Institutehasbeenbasedonthedevelopmentandapplicationofnucleartechniques.
TheInstituteofNuclearPhysicsisresponsibleforpersonal monitoringexposure,environmental
radiologicalmonitoring,calibrationsofdosimetricequipmentandradioactivewastemanagement.
LegislationinForce
LawonIonisingRadiationProtection
Until November1995,the legalregime applicabletonuclear activities inAlbania was set out in
a Governmental Decree first approved in 1971. In order to strengthen the legal framework governing
radiation protection and to bring it into line with the relevant IAEA Basic Safety Standards, Law
No.8025 on Ionising Radiation Protection1 was adopted by the Parliament on 9November1995.
Amendments to this Law are under preparation. The Law is comprised of 3Chapters divided into
12Sections.
This legislation provides for protection against ionising radiation in respect of all activities
involving radioactive materials and devices, thus providing for the protection of workers, the general
public and the environment against the harmful effects of ionisingradiation. It applies to any physical
personorlegalentitywhich(a)possesses,transfers,receives,uses,manufacturesorinstallsaradiation
source,(b)performs geological research, mining, milling, extraction, enrichment, sale, transfer,
import-export,lendingorstorageofradioactivematerials,(c)managesradioactivewaste,foodstuffsor
other products which are contaminated with radioactive materials. All persons performing activities
involving radiation sources or radioactive materials must obtain a licence from the Radiation
Protection Commission. All licence-holders must comply with the provisions of this Law and with its
implementingdecrees.
1. The textofthis Law wasreproduced, inEnglish, inthe “Texts” Chapter of Nuclear Law Bulletin No.60
(December1997)andisavailableontheNEAWebsiteat:www.nea.fr/html/law/nlb/NLB-60-EN.pdf.
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Breach of the licensing requirements, or any other breach by the licensee of the Law or its
implementing decrees is not subject by criminal prosecution, but is subject to administrative fines
from10000to100000Albanianleks(ALL).
OtherRelevantLegislation
PursuanttotheLawonIonisingRadiationProtectionseveralregulationsimplementingthisLaw
havebeenadopted:
• Decision of the Council of Ministers, adopted in 2002, on Import and Export of
RadioactiveMaterials;
• Regulation on Safe Handling of Radioactive Materials, adopted in 1998, as modified in
2000. It sets out the duties of entities carrying out radiation activities vis-à-vis their
professionally-exposed employees, in particular in relation to dose limitation, medical
supervision,provisionofprotectivedevicesandinstruments,andspecialisedtraining;
• Regulationadoptedin1998,onLicensingandInspectionofActivitiesinvolvingIonising
Radiation Sources, as modified in 2000. It provides detailed requirements pertaining to
theissueoflicencesforactivitiesinvolvingradiation.TheRPCisauthorisedtoassessall
licence applications for activities involving radiation and to issue such licences for a
fixed time period. The RPC also nominates inspectors who are responsible for the
controlandenforcementofalllicenceprovisionsrelatedtoradiationprotection;
• RegulationonApplicationforLicensing,adoptedin1998,asmodifiedin2000;
• RegulationonNationalRadiologicalEmergencyResponsePlan,adoptedin2000;
• Regulation on the Construction and Protection of Radiological Area, adopted in 2001;
and
• Codeofpracticeinradiology(2001).
DraftLegislationandRegulations
PursuanttotheLawonIonisingRadiationProtection,theRPCistoapproveregulationson:
• thesafetransportofradioactivematerials;
• radioactivewastemanagement;
• NationalBasicSafetyStandards;
• radiationsafetyforthepublicandtheenvironment;
• theactivitiesoftheOfficeofRadiationProtection.
A Code of practice in nuclear medicine and a Code of practice in radiotherapy will also be
adopted.
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InternationalConventions
CivilLiabilityforNuclearDamage
Albania is not a Party to any of the international conventions on third party liability for nuclear
damage.
OtherInternationalConventions
• Albania acceded to the 1968Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons on
12September1990,anditenteredintoforceinthiscountryonthesameday.
• Albania acceded to the 1979 Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material
on5March2002anditenteredintoforceinthiscountryon4April2002.
• Albania acceded to the 1986 Convention on Assistance in the case of Nuclear Accident
or Radiological Emergency on 30April 2003 and it entered into force in this country on
31May2003.
• Albaniaratifiedthe1996ComprehensiveNuclearTestBanTreatyon23April2003.
MembershipinNuclearOrganisations
AlbaniaisamemberoftheInternationalAtomicEnergyAgency(IAEA).
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