Overexploitation and Contamination of Shared Groundwater Resources: Management, (Bio)Technological, and Political Approaches to Avoid Conflicts PDF
Preview Overexploitation and Contamination of Shared Groundwater Resources: Management, (Bio)Technological, and Political Approaches to Avoid Conflicts
Overexploitation and Contamination of Shared Groundwater Resources NATO Science for Peace and Security Series This Series presents the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Programme: Science for Peace and Security (SPS). The NATO SPS Programme supports meetings in the following Key Priority areas: (1) Defence Against Terrorism; (2) Countering other Threats to Security and (3)NATO, Partner and Mediterranean Dialogue Country Priorities. The types of meeting supported are generally "Advanced Study Institutes" and "Advanced Research Workshops". The NATO SPS Series collects together the results of these meetings.The meetings are co- organized by scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO's "Partner" or "Mediterranean Dialogue" countries.The observations and recommendations made at the meetings, as well as the contents of the volumes in the Series, reflect those of parti- cipants and contributors only;they should not necessarily be regarded as reflecting NATO views or policy. Advanced Study Institutes (ASI) are high-level tutorial courses intended to convey the latest developments in a subject to an advanced-level audience Advanced Research Workshops (ARW) are expert meetings where an intense but informal exchange of views at the frontiers of a subject aims at identifying directions for future action Following a transformation of the programme in 2006 the Series has been re-named and re-organised. Recent volumes on topics not related to security, which result from meetings supported under the programme earlier, may be found in the NATO Science Series. The Series is published by IOS Press, Amsterdam, and Springer, Dordrecht, in conjunction with the NATO Public Diplomacy Division. Sub-Series A. Chemistry and Biology Springer B. Physics and Biophysics Springer C. Environmental Security Springer D. Information and Communication Security IOS Press E. Human and Societal Dynamics IOS Press http://www.nato.int/science http://www.springer.com http://www.iospress.nl Series C:Environmental Security Overexploitation and Contamination of Shared Groundwater Resources Management, (Bio)Technological, and Political Approaches to Avoid Conflicts edited by Christophe J.G. Darnault University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, U.S.A. Published in cooperation with NATO Public Diplomacy Division Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Overexploitation and Contamination of Shared Groundwater Resources: Management, (Bio)Technological, and Political Approaches to Avoid Conflicts Varna, Bulgaria 1 –12 October2006 AC.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN 978-1-4020-6984-0 (PB) ISBN 978-1-4020-6983-3 (HB) ISBN 978-1-4020-6985 -7 (e-book) Published by Springer, P.O. Box 17, 3300 AADordrecht, The Netherlands. www.springer.com Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2008 Springer Science + Business Media B.V. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. CONTENTS Preface ix Contributors xi Part I: Depletion and Contamination of Shared Groundwater Resources: An Overview 1. Shared Groundwater Resources: Global Significance for Social and Environmental Sustainability 3 Shammy Puri, Alice Aureli, and Raya M. Stephan 2. Education and Training for Transboundary Groundwater Management as an Instrument of Dialogue and Communication 25 Alice Aureli, Jean Fried, Jose Luis Martin-Bordes, Shammy Puri, and Raya M. Stephan 3. Transboundary Aquifers in International Law: Towards an Evolution 33 Raya M. Stephan Part II: Techniques to Assess the Depletion and Contamination of Shared Groundwater Resources? 4. Groundwater Geophysics: From Structure and Porosity Towards Permeability? 49 Klaus Holliger 5. Quantitative Integration of Hydrogeophysical and Hydrological Data: Geostatistical Approaches 67 Klaus Holliger, Jens Tronicke, Hendrik Paasche, and Baptiste Dafflon 6. Hydrogeological Settings in Dobrudja Area and Groundwater Monitoring Networks in Transboundary Aquifers 83 Marta Machkova Part III: Tools to Predict/Forecast the Future Depletion and Contamination of Shared Groundwater Resources 7. Coupled Surface/Subsurface Flow Systems: Numerical Modeling 105 Rachid Ababou and Ahmad Al-Bitar v vi Contents 8. Quantitative Stochastic Hydrogeology: The Heterogeneous Environment 119 Rachid Ababou Part IV: Sustainable Measures to Palliate the Overexploitation of Groundwater and Decontaminate Aquifers 9. Coastal Aquifers and Saltwater Intrusion 185 Christophe J. G. Darnault, and Itzel G. Godinez 10. Karst Aquifers: Hydrogeology and Exploitation 203 Christophe J. G. Darnault 11. Water Quality, Pollution and Conservation 227 Ülkü Yetiş 12. Physical and Chemical Groundwater Remediation Technologies 257 Krishna R. Reddy 13. Enhanced Aquifer Recharge 275 Krishna R. Reddy Part V: Approaches to Shared Groundwater Resources Management: Conflict Prevention and Resolution 14. Shared Groundwater Resources Management 291 Christophe J. G. Darnault 15. Sustainable Development and Integrated Management of Water Resources 309 Christophe J. G. Darnault 16. Assessing Chemical Status of Shared Groundwater Resources: A Crucial Political, Regulatory and Management Issue 325 Ewa Kmiecik, Jadwiga Szczepańska, Irena Twardowską, and Sebastian Stefaniak 17. A Risk-based Integrated Approach for Managing Transboundary Groundwater Resources 355 Jacques Ganoulis 18. Multicriterion Decision Analysis (MCDA) for Conflict Resolution in Sharing Groundwater Resources 375 Jacques Ganoulis Contents vii 19. Strategies for Groundwater Resources Conflict Resolution and Management 393 W. Todd Jarvis 20. Hydropolitics and Hydroeconomics of Shared Groundwater Resources: Experience in Arid and Semi-arid Regions 415 Manuel R. Llamas Madurga, Pedro Martínez-Santos, and África de la Hera 21. Hydrodiplomacy and Environmental Security 433 Christophe J. G. Darnault Index 447 PREFACE Environmental security is based on complex interactions between society and the environment. Forty percent of the world’s population depends upon increasingly scarce and shared water resources. This situation is critical at both international and national levels not only for socio-economic development, but also for regional stability. From this perspective, water resources scarcity, quality and distribution are the factors that would most likely lead to political and socio-economic conflicts, setting human security at risks. The intensive use of groundwater for irrigation and water supply is adding pressures to scarce water resources and the environment through overexploitation and contamination which result in situations that may lead to conflicts. In a world where water crises are approaching, the use of sustainable and integrated management principles is most valuable in order to avoid conflicts. Successful management of shared groundwater resources should be based on multi-disciplinary approaches and effective and equitable water sharing for all water users through cooperation and within a compassionate ecological framework along with the need for sustainable resources development and the quest for environmental and human security. In this context, the NATO ASI on “Overexploitation and Contamination of Shared Groundwater Resources: Management, (Bio)Technological, and Political Approaches to Avoid Conflicts” was organized in Varna, Bulgaria from October 1 to 12, 2006. A total of 74 participants including 13 invited lecturers and 61 selected participants from 19 different countries and diverse backgrounds have attended the NATO ASI and shared their knowledge and experiences. The program of the institute included key lectures from invited speakers, oral and poster presentations from participants and two roundtable discussions. The participants had the chance to visit the city of Varna and a field trip was also organized to explore the key hydrogeological features of the Dobrudja area, including the Durankulak historical archaeological site and the Durankulak lake. This book is dedicated to the memory of Professor Georgi Gergov, Head of the River Sediment Transport and Fluvial Processes Division at the National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology from the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria, who was the Partner-Country Director of the NATO ASI. It is with great sadness that we heard of his untimely death after the NATO ASI. The book titled “Overexploitation and Contamination of Shared Groundwater Resources: Management, (Bio)Technological, and Political Approaches to Avoid Conflicts” from the NATO Science for Peace and Security Series C: Environmental Security is composed of 21 chapters reflecting the lectures from the ASI and is divided into five parts. The first part aims to give an overview of the depletion and contamination of shared groundwater resources across the world. The techniques to assess the depletion and contamination of shared groundwater resources are presented in the second part. The third part covers the tools to predict/forecast the ix x Preface future depletion and contamination of shared groundwater resources. Sustainable measures to palliate the overexploitation of groundwater and decontamination of aquifers compose the fourth part. The fifth and last part encompasses the appro- aches to the management of shared groundwater resources for conflict prevention and resolution. First and foremost, I wish to thank the NATO Science Committee for their support in realizing an interesting idea into a deeply engaging project and for awarding me a grant that funded this NATO ASI. I express my sincere acknow- ledgements to Dr. Deniz Beten, Programme Director of Environmental Security of the NATO Public Diplomacy Division, for her unwavering support. I am indebted to Lynne Campbell-Nolan, Administrative Assistant of the NATO Public Diplomacy Division, for her valuable assistance throughout the project. I extend my thanks to Annelies Kersbergen, Springer Publishing Editor, for her continuous help. I am thankful to Professor Philippe Baveye from University of Abertay Dundee, Scotland (formerly Cornell University, U.S.A.) for his guidance in the concept development and realization of this NATO ASI. Finally, I am tremendously grateful to my wife, Dr. Sezim Sezer Darnault for her unfailing encouragement and support. Professor Christophe J. G. Darnault, Ph.D. NATO-Country Director of NATO ASI University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. October 7, 2007. CONTRIBUTORS Prof. Rachid Ababou Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse, Allée du Professeur Camille Soula, 31400 Toulouse, France Dr. Ahmad Al-Bitar Institut de Mécanique des Fluides de Toulouse, Allée du Professeur Camille Soula, 31400 Toulouse, France Dr. Alice Aureli UNESCO, Division of Water Sciences, International Hydrological Programme (IHP), Natural Sciences Sector, 1, rue Miollis, 75732 Paris Cedex 15, France Baptiste Dafflon University of Lausanne, Institute of Geophysics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Prof. Christophe J. G. Darnault University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Civil and Materials Engineering, 842 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607, U.S.A. África de la Hera Geological Survey of Spain, Ríos Rosas 23. 28003 Madrid, Spain Dr. Jean Fried UNESCO - International Hydrological Programme (IHP), and University of California at Irvine, Urban Water Research Center, Engineering Tower 844C, Irvine, CA 92697, U.S.A. Prof. Jacques Ganoulis UNESCO Chair and Network INWEB, International Network of Water/Environment Centres for the Balkans, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Civil Engineering, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece Itzel G. Godinez University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Civil and Materials Engineering, 842 W. Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60607, U.S.A. Prof. Klaus Holliger University of Lausanne, Institute of Geophysics, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland xi
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