Outer Space: Problems of Law and Policy

465 Pages·1997·43.289 MB·English

by  Glenn H. Reynolds, Robert Merges

Outer Space
Problems of Law and Policy
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SECOND EDITION
Outer Space
Problems of Law and Policy
Glenn H. Reynolds
University of Tenvressee
Robert Merges
Univeirsifyo f Calijlornia at Berkeley
Westview Press
A Mcmkr of the X3erscus Books Group
Ail rights reserved, 13rinted in the United States of America, No part of this pubtieation maj be repro-
duced or txa~sxnittedi n an) form or by arty means, efectronic or mechanical, including photmopp,
recc~rdingc, ?r an] inhrmation storage and retrieval sjstem, without pemission in writing from the
publisher.
Copyright C: l %9, 1997 by Westview Press, A Member of the Perseus Books Group
Published in 199'7 in the tinited Slates c?f America by Weslvietv Press, 5500 Central A~~enuEet,o uf-
der, Colordo 80,301-2877, and in the United Kingdom bj Westview Press. 12 Mid's Copse Road,
Cuntnor Hi1 1, Oxford C>X29JJ
L,ibrar] of ("ongress C:aldoging-in-Publication Data
Rejnotds, GLenn H.
Outer space : problems of law and policy i Glenn H, Reyrzolds and
Robrrt E? Merges. 2nd ed.
--
p. cm.
Includes bibliograpllical references and index.
ISBN 0-8f 33- 1802-5 (he) - ISBN 0-8 133-5680-1 (pbk.)
l. Space ta%v-Cases, X. Merges. Robert l?
JX58IO.K49 I997
341.4'7-de2 f
The paper used in this publication meelf the recjuiremenlr; of the Americarz Natior~alS tai~dardfo r
Per~naneneed Paper for Printed 1,ibrary Materinis 239.48- 1484.
Con tents
xiii
xvii
1 Some History and Background
S~SACHEIS 'TCIK-Y T HEB RIC'M~"O ONA ND ALLT, HA'F1,
W. MeDc>~lgal.l. , . the Heaveris and the F~rtl1lT he A-41, 3
W Mv?I3ougall, . .. the Heavens and the Farth I Farly
Space LAW 1, S
Some Observations, 10
Further Rcading, It I
?'WE SPACEE MVIROFIMEXN X 'F,
Where Does Spice Begin'? I I
What's E tLike idp'l'here? 12
Meteorcslids and Micronncte~roids,X 3
Vdcuurn and Mierogrdv it>, 2 3
Gettillg 'I'here and Stajing 'There, 14
Rockets and Propulsion, 16
When You Are "There: What People Do in Space, I8
ByerIy, The Coinrnercialilrtduslrial rises czf Space, f 8
X30wcr Stations in thc Sky, 20
Furlher Reading, 23
2 The International Law of Outer Space: Basic Principles 25
Intrduction, 25
"The Roots of Spxe Law, 27
Air and Sea lav: Rules C3ovcming Overflight and
Tcrrit oriai Waters, 28
DeSaussure, Maritime and Spice ia w, 28
I. White, Deciuioil-Making for Space, 36
Center for Kcscarch &Air and Space law, Spcc Activitl'es
and Emerging Internatioi~aIl ~tw3,9
Notes, 42
liN Effcjrts and Aspirations, 43
MeDorrgal & tipson, Perspectives fc9r a Laiv of Otrter Space, 44
Notes, 46
3 Early Treaties Governing Activity in Ourter Space 48
Jessup & Euhenfeid, The ttnited Nations Ad Hoc Corninittee
on the Peacefuf Uses d Outer Space, 49
The 1,irnited 'Test Ran l"rc"aty, 5X
MultiIateral Treaty Bailning Ntrclear Weago11T ests, 52
Note, 54
Matte, ?"he Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapns 'I'ests in the
Atmosphere, in Otrter Space and ttnder Water, 54
Note, 6 l
The Outer Space Treaty of X 96% 62
MultiIateral Treaty on Principles C;ovcming the Aetivi ties
of Slates, 62
NcXe, 68
Ctembling & Arons, The Errdutton of the Otrter Space Treaty
f Outer Space Treaty of f 967 f ,68
NcXe, 77
Sovereignty, 13rc)perly Rights, and Spice Resources, 77
Christot, Article 2 of the 196'7 Princigtes 7'reaty Retiisited, 78
NcXes, 82
Arms Control Provisions, 82
Qrr, The Treaty on Outer Space, 83
NcXe, 88
C;orove, Arms Control Provisions in the Outer Space
Treaty, 89
NcXes, 92
4 Development ancl Defense: Treaties of the 1970s
'I'he ABM "I'reatj, 95
Kackgrc>und,9 6
Treaty or1 the Lairnitationo f Anti-Ballistic Missile Sjsterns, 96
Note, 97
The ARM ""Rcinterprelation," W
Notes, 99
'I'he Moon '1-reaty, 10 f
Agrccrnent on Activitl~so f States on thc M c )a~nd Other
Celestial Rdies, 101
Nash, Contemporary Prdctice of the t init ed Sttttes Relating to
International I ,nw, 1 Q9
NcXe, 1 l4
Spitz, Note, SPACE t,AW----Agreement C;overning the Activities
of Slates on the Moon and Qther Celestiaf Bodies, l t -3
NcXes, X X S
C;ailloway, Issues in Implementing the Agreement Gwerning
the Activities of Sldtes on the Moon and Other Celestial
Bodies, I l6
Note, 1 17
Watstl, Controsersiaf Issues I Jnder Article XI CA' the Moon Treat5 f 18
NcXes, X X 9
Reynolds & Merges, The Role of' Commercial Development, 120
Organi~aticlnilSt tructures for Carving
Out rhc Moon 'frcaty, X 20
C;ailloway, Issues in Implementing the Agreement Gwerning the
Activities czf States c311 the Moo11 and Other Celestial Bcdies, f 2 1
NcXes, X 22
Christoi, Alternative Modeis for a Future InternatinnaI Space
Organi~ation,1 2 3
NcXes, X 25
C;oedhuia, So~neR ecent- Trends in the Interpretation and the
Impt ernenkatiu~cz~f the Rules czf Interilatioilal Space htt, f 26
NcXes, X 30
Ctrtpuy, The Nogion of the Cornlnon Heritage of Mankind
Applied to the Seakd, f 3 f
NcXe, 132
Wufford, Ideological Rigidi ty vs, Poii ticaI Reality, 1 32
Notes, 133
Devclopcd World and Third World Views on
Space Development, 13 4
Finch & Moore, The 1979 Moo11T reaty Enco~~rages
Space X)evelopment, 135
Notes, 138
Duta, Free Enterprise and the Reposed Moo11 Treaty, 138
NcXes, X43
Webher, Extraterrestriai LAW on the Final Frontier, 14-1.
Notes, 148
Kao, C_"ornmanH cri tage of Man kind and thc Mcwn 'f'reaty, l49
Notes, 15 1
A Note on the New Enternational Ekonornic Order. 152
NcXes, X53
A Note on Common Proprly Resources and Efficient A1Ioca;tion, 155
Wihlborg & Wijkman, O~rterS pace Reso~lrcesin Efficie~~t
and Firri table tJsc, t 57
NcXes, X@
Common 13rc)perlya nd the ColIective Action 13rc)hlem, I65
5 Other Treaties, Agreements, and Issues 1 78
The 1,iabiXity ('onvention, 178
Cohen, Cosmos 954 and the International LAW of Satellite Accidents, 179
Notes, 186
Space Remate Sensing. X 89
tx~gsdon& Monk, Remote Sensing from Space, 1%
Notes, l96
IDcSaussure, Remote Sensing, t 97
P~t~ciplKescl ating to Remote Sensing of the brth from Space, 200
Rescue and IZeturn o.f Astronauts, 203
Registration of Spacecraft92 0.2-
Spee En\~ironmenbMl atters, 205
I J.S. Congress, Office of 'Fe'echnoIugy Assess~nent,
Orbiting Ilebris, 207
6 Spaee Communications
Space and International 'Iktecomm~micatiotls2, 16
U.S. ReguXation of Space Communicatians, 220
Of'liice of'f"ommercia1 Space Policy, t1.S. Ctepart~nenot f Commerce,
Space C0rn1nel.c.e~2 20
NcXe, 222
Senior Intemgency C;roup on Inlernatioi~aCl orn~nunication
and Information Policy, A White Paper on New International
Satellite Sq stcms, 223
Notes, 233
Depdrtment of S@te f Legal Memorandum 1,235
NcXes, 2 4
Direct SateIIite Broadcasting, 242
7 Space-Related Internationill Rade Issues 246
Fxonomics of Space industries, 247
Reynolds & Merges, Toward an Industrial Policy for Otrter Space, 248
Before the Office of the Ilaited States Trade Represenlatice
Chairwoman, Scction 301 Committee /'ll'ranspace X3ctl'tion1 , 24.9
Note, 25 1
Determinatic>nI lnder Seclic>n3 01 of the Trade Act d 1974,252
NcXes, 253
Reynolds & Ragos&, International Trade in 1,arrnch Semices, 254
NcXe, 255
Co~lgrcssisnalR esearch Service, Commercial Space L~irnchS emices:
'Yhe 1I.S. Cc~~nptitivhes ition, 255
Export Controls and Trade in Space-Rclatcd Ciocsds and Ser~lices2, 61
MeCall, "'lfhe Inexorable Advance of' Teeftnoiogy "? American
and Intemationaf Effofis to Curb Missile Pmliferdtion, 264
NcXes, 268
Reynolds, New Developments in IntematinnaI Trade, 270
8 The Law of Private Commercial Activities in Buter Space
Jurisdiction, 276
Office of' Teeftnoiogy Assessment, Space Stations and the I,aw, 276
Notes, 282
Smith \. linited States, 2%
E4ual Emplojtnellt Opportunity Com11-tissionv . Arabia11A merican
Oil Company, 291
NcXes, 296
Tort LAIFV2, 96
Office c>f Ichnoto gy Assessment, Space Slations and t11e Law, 297
NcXe an I,iability: Approaches and SancSards, 302
42 t1.S.G". 8 24513b. Insurance and Indcrxtnifjeation, 305
Liability far Damage to Cargo, 306
The Clzallenger Disaster, 308
Contracts Relating to Olatcr Space, 309
Commercitrt Launcl~S erciice Contracts Between Marlin Marietta
Covration and Intcmatimat l"crlccommuntcatlmsS atellite
Organization "'INTEI,SAIX'," "3 0
Martin Marietta Covration v, In tematic>natr Yelecom~nunicatic>ns
Satellite Organization, 3 19
F;rom the I>ictrict ("ourt Ofinion, 326
Notes, 327
Hughes Communtcatl'on Galaxy, Ine, v. 'l'he Linited States, 330
Notes, 336
Impact c>f Slaa Ageernents and Other Industry Incentic es c311
Commercial Spacc Markets, 336
Notes, 338
Sample l,aimch Agreement, 338
Kascd on Agreement Wetitieen the linited States of America
Represented bj the National Aeroilar~ticsa nd Space
Administrati011 and Satellite Business Syste~nsfo r hunch
and Associated Services, 338
Notes. 340