Outdoor Lighting Guide

401 Pages·2005·3.85 MB·English

by  Institution Of Lighting Engineers

The Institution of Lighting Engineers
The Outdoor
Lighting Guide
The Outdoor Lighting Guide
The Institution of Lighting Engineers (ILE) is the UK and Ireland’s largest
and most influential professional lighting association, dedicated solely to
excellence in lighting. Founded in 1924 as the Association of Public Lighting
Engineers and licensed by the Engineering Council, the ILE has evolved to
include lighting designers, architects, consultants and engineers amongst its
2,500-strong membership.
The Outdoor Lighting Guide
The Institution of Lighting Engineers
First published 2005
by Taylor & Francis
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Taylor & Francis
711 Third Ave, New York, NY 10017
Taylor & Francis is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
© 2005 The Institution of Lighting Engineers
Typeset in Sabon by
Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, India
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or
other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying
and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available
from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested
ISBN 978-0-4153-7007-3
Contents
Foreword xi
Disclaimer xiv
Abbreviations and symbols for quantities, units and notation xv
1 Visual effects of lighting 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Light 1
1.2.1 Lighting levels 1
1.2.2 Task performance 1
1.2.3 Appearance 2
1.3 Flux, intensity, illuminance, luminance and brightness 2
1.4 Glare 3
1.5 Positive and negative contrast 4
1.6 Absorption and reflection 4
1.7 Radiation 4
1.8 Apparent colour 5
1.9 Colour rendering 7
1.10 Daytime appearance 8
1.11 The outdoor environment 8
2 Social and environmental elements 10
2.1 Introduction 10
2.2 Crime and disorder 11
2.2.1 Introduction 11
2.2.2 The effects of street lighting on crime and disorder 11
2.2.3 Improved street lighting and crime
prevention: Are there alternatives? 13
2.2.4 The role of lighting in the
development of crime control strategies 14
2.3 Light pollution 16
2.3.1 Adverse effects of outdoor lighting 16
2.3.2 Influence of surrounding environment 17
2.3.3 Relevant lighting parameters 18
vi Contents
2.3.4 Recommended limits for lighting parameters 19
2.3.5 Design guidelines 19
2.3.6 Methods of mitigation 21
2.3.7 Illustrations of luminaire
accessories for limiting obtrusive light 22
2.4 Strategic urban lighting plans 24
2.4.1 Introduction 24
2.4.2 Origins of the urban lighting plan 24
2.4.3 Lighting strategy methodology 25
2.4.4 The aims of a strategic urban lighting plan 27
2.4.5 The main factors in the success of lighting strategies 27
2.4.6 The effectiveness of lighting strategies 31
2.4.7 Conclusions 32
2.5 Health and Safety 33
2.5.1 Introduction 33
2.5.2 The body of law 34
2.5.3 Duty of Care 34
2.5.4 Qualified and absolute duties 35
2.5.5 Health and Safety hierarchy 35
2.5.6 The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 35
2.5.7 The Management of Health
and Safety at Work Regulations 36
2.5.8 The Provision and Use of
Work Equipment Regulations 38
2.5.9 The Lifting Operations and
Lifting Equipment Regulations 39
2.5.10 The Construction, Design
and Management Regulations 39
2.5.11 The Construction (Health,
Safety and Welfare) Regulations 41
2.5.12 The Electricity at Work Regulations 41
2.5.13 Electricity Safety, Quality and
Continuity (ESQC) Regulations 43
2.5.14 Lighting and Health and Safety Legislation 43
2.5.15 BS 7671 – Requirements for Electrical
Installations (The IEE Wiring Regulations) 44
2.5.16 The ILE Code of Practice for
Electrical Safety in Highway Operations 44
2.5.17 National (Scottish) Vocational
Qualification NVQ/SVQ 45
2.5.18 Waste management 45
2.6 Waste management 45
2.6.1 Introduction 45
2.6.2 Legislation 47
Contents vii
2.6.3 Responsible bodies 50
2.6.4 Waste 51
3 Equipment 55
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Light sources 55
3.2.1 Introduction 55
3.2.2 Lamp characteristics 56
3.2.3 Light generation 58
3.2.4 Principal lamp type characteristics 59
3.2.5 Other light sources 69
3.3 Control gear 71
3.3.1 Introduction 71
3.3.2 Role of control gear 71
3.3.3 Requirement for control gear 72
3.3.4 Important characteristics 72
3.3.5 Potential problems 75
3.4 Luminaires 76
3.4.1 General 76
3.4.2 Luminaire types 76
3.4.3 Materials and construction 98
3.4.4 Light control 107
3.4.5 Performance and standards 115
3.5 Switching controls 118
3.5.1 Introduction 118
3.5.2 Considerations 118
3.5.3 Choice of control 118
3.5.4 Recommendations 122
3.6 Supports 123
3.6.1 Introduction 123
3.6.2 Building mountings 123
3.6.3 Illuminated bollards 124
3.6.4 Lighting columns 124
3.6.5 Poles 131
3.6.6 Hinged lighting columns 132
3.6.7 High masts 133
3.6.8 Catenaries 136
3.6.9 Corrosion protection 136
3.6.10 Foundations 137
3.6.11 Inspection and maintenance 137
3.7 Maintenance 138
3.7.1 Introduction 138
3.7.2 Maintenance schedule 138
viii Contents
3.7.3 Reactive maintenance 138
3.7.4 Preventative maintenance 140
4 Techniques for particular applications 145
4.1 Introduction 145
4.2 Town and city centres 145
4.2.1 Introduction 145
4.2.2 The visual needs of pedestrians 147
4.2.3 Traffic lighting versus pedestrian lighting 148
4.2.4 The role of anti-pollution measures 150
4.2.5 New lighting in practice 151
4.2.6 Conclusions 152
4.2.7 Recommendations 152
4.3 Lighting and closed circuit television (CCTV) 153
4.3.1 Introduction 153
4.3.2 CCTV applications 153
4.3.3 CCTV systems 154
4.3.4 Recommendations 157
4.4 Transport interchanges 160
4.4.1 General 160
4.4.2 Daylight 161
4.4.3 Colour 162
4.4.4 Information displays, advertisements and CCTV 162
4.4.5 Controls 162
4.4.6 Emergency lighting 163
4.4.7 Heritage buildings 163
4.4.8 Characteristics of different interchanges 163
4.4.9 Recommendations 165
4.5 Effect lighting 168
4.5.1 Introduction 168
4.5.2 Scope 168
4.5.3 Prime considerations 171
4.5.4 Techniques in design 181
4.5.5 Water features 186
4.5.6 Assessment of completed projects 187
4.5.7 Summary 188
4.5.8 Recommendations 188
4.6 Exterior work areas 189
4.6.1 Introduction 189
4.6.2 General considerations 189
4.6.3 Building sites 191
4.6.4 Rail – sidings/marshalling yards/goods depots 191
4.6.5 Sea – dockyards/container terminals/jetties 193
4.6.6 Sales areas – car forecourts 194
Contents ix
4.6.7 Coal mining – open cast 194
4.6.8 Loading bays 195
4.6.9 Sewage/water treatment works 196
4.6.10 Petrol stations 197
4.6.11 Recommendations 198
4.7 Hazardous areas 200
4.7.1 Introduction 200
4.7.2 Hazardous area classifications 200
4.7.3 Standards 204
4.7.4 Types of protection for lighting systems 207
4.7.5 Selection of equipment for use in hazardous areas 209
4.7.6 Recommendations 211
4.8 Sport 211
4.8.1 Introduction 211
4.8.2 Standards and codes of practice 211
4.8.3 The visual task 213
4.8.4 Principles 213
4.8.5 Design considerations 216
4.9 High mast lighting 219
4.9.1 Introduction 219
4.9.2 Use of high mast lighting 223
4.9.3 General design recommendations 224
4.9.4 Practice in relation to type of location 226
4.10 Festival lighting 229
4.10.1 Introduction 229
4.10.2 Various forms of festival decorations 229
4.10.3 Health and Safety 230
4.10.4 Approval for erection of decorations 231
4.10.5 Highway safety 231
4.10.6 Switch-on 231
4.10.7 Maintenance 232
4.10.8 Removal 232
4.11 Traffic routes 232
4.11.1 General principles 232
4.11.2 Road surfaces 233
4.11.3 Appearance 233
4.11.4 Wet conditions 234
4.11.5 Considerations 235
4.11.6 Choice of lamp type 235
4.11.7 Choice of luminaire 236
4.11.8 Supports 236
4.11.9 Advantages of road lighting 238
4.11.10 Recommendations 238
4.11.11 Vehicular tunnels 242