Out of China Robert Bickers Out of China How the Chinese Ended the Era of Western Domination harvard university press Cambridge, Massachusetts 2017 Copyright © Robert Bickers, 2017 All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America First published in the United Kingdom in 2017 by Penguin Books Ltd., London The moral right of the author has been asserted Typeset by Jouve (UK), Milton Keynes. Set in 10.5/14 pt Sabon LT Std First Harvard University Press edition, 2017 First Printing Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 978-0-674-97687-0 (cloth : alk. paper) For Kate, Lily and Arthur Contents List of Illustrations ix List of Maps xiii Acknowledgements xxvii Pronunciation Guide xxix List of Abbreviations xxx Introduction xxxi 1. Armistice 1 2. Making Revolution 35 3. Good Earth 71 4. Talking it Over 101 5. China in the Mind 140 6. Monkeys Riding Greyhounds 174 7. Allies of a Kind 211 8. Foreign Experts 245 9. Light of Asia 289 10. Monsters and Demons 322 11. Unfinished Business 358 12. Haunted by History 399 Further Reading, Watching and Listening 409 Notes 413 Index 493 List of Illustrations Every effort has been made to contact all copyright holders. The pub- lishers will be pleased to make good in future editions any errors or omissions brought to their attention. 1. Victory celebrations, Shanghai Race Course, 1 December 1918. (Knight Collection, courtesy of Tessa Adams) 2. Chinese Amah. (Harold Peck Collection, courtesy of Elizabeth Hensel) 3. Margot Fonteyn, 1928. (Hookham Collection, courtesy of Lavina Exham) 4. Mikhail Borodin, and Morris ‘Two-gun’ Cohen, Guangzhou, c. 1926. (Fu Bingchang Collection, courtesy of Dr Yee-Wah Foo) 5. ‘A Direct Violation of the Principle of Humanity’, poster issued by the Beijing United Medical Students Association in support of the Shanghai Incident, 1925. (International Institute of Social History, Amsterdam, Netherlands, call no. BG D12/730) 6. Shanghai Volunteer Corps in training, c. 1924. (Hutchinson Col- lection courtesy of Barbara Merchant) 7. Weedy-women and a Shanghai lawn, c. 1930. (Library of Con- gress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC) 8. Chuck Culbertson, on the polo field, 1940. (Courtesy of Bill Callahan) 9. Buck Clayton and Joe McCutcheon in Shanghai, c. 1934 ( University of Missouri-Kansas City, Miller Nicholls Library, LaBudde Special Collections, Kansas City, MO) 10. Setting up the Chinese Exhibition at the Royal Academy, London, 1935. (Getty Images) ix