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I 'OT Our Foreign Service The "A B C" of AMERICAN DIPLOMACY By FREDERICK VAN DYNE, LL.M., American Consul; Formerly Assistant Solicitor of the Department OF State of the United States; Authorof "Citizenship of the United States," "VanDyne on Naturalization," Etc. 1909 thelawyersco-operativepublishingcompany rochester. n. y. ' > ' > J ^.' > J ' Copyright 1908. By FREDERICK VAN UYNE. E. R. ANDRF.VVS PRINTING CO. PRINTERS, KOCHESTliR. N.Y. « CO ^^ . Contents Pa^f. PREFACE Vll — CHAPTER I The Department of State 1 — ...... CHAPTER n Our Diplomatic Service 45 — CHAPTER in Our Consular Service 117 — CHAPTER IV Citizenship, Expatriation and Passports 181 — ^ CHAPTER V TheLiteratureOF THE Subject: Bibliog- 197 O RAPHY ^ APPENDIX 207 INDEX 287 Illustrations The Department of State Frontispiece Commercial Reading Room at Kingston, Jamaica . Page 166 Preface Act of Congress of April 5, 1906, re-organ- THE izing our Consular Service, and the Executive Order of June 27th following, placing appoint- ments and promotions on a civil-service basis, make possible an attractive and honorable career for young men of ambition and ability, in that branch of our foreign service. The same principle was applied to the Diplomatic Service by the Presidential Order of November 10, 1905, which provides that vacancies in the ofifice of Sec- retary of Embassy or Legation shall be filled by promotion or transfer from some branch of the foreign service or by the appointment of persons found to pos- sess the requisite qualifications who shall have been des- ignated by the President for examination. While this does not apply to the appointment of Ambassadors and Ministers, the principle of promotion for meritorious service governs in the Diplomatic Service to an extent that is not generally appreciated. The United States is represented in foreign countries by ten Ambassadors and thirty-two Ministers. Nine of the ten Ambassa- dors previously served as Ministers and the other had before served as an Ambassador. Three began their diplomatic career as Secretaries of Legation. One had been Assistant Secretary of State, and one had served as a Consul. Of the Ministers, seventeen had previous- vii ly served as Ministers. Thirteen began their diplomatic career as Secretaries of Legation. Two had served as Assistant Secretaries of State, and four had served as Consuls. With the remarkable development of our foreign commerce and the greatly enlarged part taken by our Government in international matters during recent years, greater interest is being taken in foreign affairs by the general public. Universities, colleges and law schools are devoting more attention to international subjects, and some are providing special facilities for the preparation of students for the foreign service. To meet the needs of the general reader, the college student, and the ambitious young man who, though denied the advantages of a course in the higher insti- tutions of learning, aspires to a position in our foreign service, this elementary work has been prepared. It will be of especial value to newly appointed diplomatic and consular officers. The writer ventures to hope that it will be found useful and interesting also to the legal profession and diplomatic and consular officers generally. The subject is considered under five different heads, the first chapter dealing with the Department of State, the official organ of communication between this government and foreign nations. The second treats of the Diplomatic Service, representing the political branch of this government in foreign countries. The third concerns the Consular Service, which represents the commercial or business interests of the nation. The viii