Ottoman and Dutch Merchants in the Eighteenth Century: Competition and Cooperation in Ankara, Izmir, and Amsterdam

362 Pages·2012·1.64 MB·English

by  Ismail Hakkı Kadı

Ottoman and Dutch Merchants in the
Eighteenth Century
The Ottoman Empire
and its Heritage
Politics, Society and Economy
Edited by
Suraiya Faroqhi, Halil İnalcık and Boğaç Ergene
Advisory Board
fikret adanir – antonis anastasopoulos – idris bostan
palmira brummett – amnon cohen – jane hathaway
klaus kreiser – hans georg majer – ahmet yaşar ocak
abdeljelil temimi – gilles veinstein
VOLUME 50
The titles published in this series are listed at brill.nl/oeh
Ottoman and Dutch Merchants in
the Eighteenth Century
Competition and Cooperation in Ankara,
Izmir, and Amsterdam
By
İsmail Hakkı Kadı
LEIDEN • BOSTON
2012
Cover illustration: David George van Lennep (1712–97). Opperkoopman van de Hollandse factorij
te Smyrna met zijn vrouw en kinderen. [David George van Lennep (1712–97). Chief merchant of
the Dutch Factory at Izmir and his wife and children]. Attributed to Antoine de Favray. Held in
the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam (SK-A-4127).
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Kadi, Ismail Hakki.
 Ottoman and Dutch merchants in the eighteenth century : competition and cooperation in
Ankara, Izmir, and Amsterdam / by Ismail Hakki Kadi.
  p. cm. — (The Ottoman Empire and its heritage ; v. 50)
 Includes bibliographical references and index.
 ISBN 978-90-04-22517-6 (hbk. : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-90-04-23032-3 (e-book) 1. Turkey—
Commerce—History—18th century. 2. Turkey—Commerce—Netherlands—History—
18th century. 3. Netherlands—Commerce—Turkey—History—18th century. 4. Turkey—
Economic conditions—1288–1918. 5. Netherlands—Economic conditions—18th century. I. Title.
 HF3756.5.K53 2012
 381.09561—dc23
2012011816
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ISSN 1380-6076
ISBN 978 90 04 22517 6 (hardback)
ISBN 978 90 04 23032 3 (e-book)
Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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CONTENTS
Acknowledgments  ........................................................................................... vii
Abbreviations  .................................................................................................... ix
Introduction  ...................................................................................................... 1
PART ONE
COUNTERING DUTCH COMMERCIAL ExPANSION IN
NORTHWESTERN ANATOLIA
1. The Town of Ankara and its Mohair Industry  ................................... 29
2. The Heyday and Interruption of the Dutch Mohair Trade  ........... 65
3. European Recovery and Ottoman Opposition  .................................. 98
Preliminary Conclusions  ................................................................................ 132
PART TWO
OTTOMAN COUNTER-ExPANSION
4. The Organization of the Dutch Levant Trade in the Eighteenth
Century ........................................................................................................... 145
5. The Ottoman Penetration of Dutch Trading Networks  ................. 170
6. Ottoman Merchants in Amsterdam  ..................................................... 198
vi contents
PART THREE
ACCOMMODATING THE “UNUSUAL”:
ADjUSTMENTS IN DUTCH AND
OTTOMAN POLICIES
7. The Transformation of Dutch Trade Policies in the Levant:
From Free Trade to “Faint” Protectionism  .......................................... 237
8. Ottoman Polity: From Decision Making to Policy Making  ........... 274
Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 311
Bibliography  ...................................................................................................... 325
Index  .................................................................................................................... 333
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author of these sentences is indebted to several people who made
crucial contributions to the production of this book. I would like to start
by mentioning my gratitude to my parents Nurten and Ali Rıza Kadı,
who have been my most loyal supporters during the years that I have
been engaged in obscure and endless study in one or another part of the
world. My wife, Kader joined this band recently and provided me with the
warmth that was needed to finalize the work.
Beyond the familial support, I enjoyed the intellectual backing of many
hocalarım and colleagues prior to and during the preparation of this book.
From Marmara University, where I obtained my bachelor’s and master’s
degrees I would like to thank İsmail E. Erünsal, Mehmet Genç, Ahmet
Tabakoğlu, Gülfettin Çelik, Erol Özvar and many others who are too
numerous to mention here by name.
When I moved to Leiden to continue my research, I made certain cru-
cial acquaintances that helped me find my way around and get used to
the “Dutch way”: Vehbi Kuzu, Hilmi Çankaya, Merlijn Olnon and Maurits
van den Boogert are only some of them. The latter, especially, has been an
instructor more than a friend and colleague. Many times, the “editor from
hell” conjured my pieces of writing into academic texts. Beyond these col-
leagues and friends I owe many thanks to Dennie Oude Nijhuis who was
always ready to correct my Dutch writings, and Ben Kubbinga and Amber
Babke Gemmeke who helped me to decipher French documents.
At Leiden University I carried out my research under the supervision
of two great scholars: Erik jan Zürcher and Alexander Hendrik de Groot.
Their inquisitiveness, encouragement and generosity have been the cru-
cial elements in the formation of this work. There are no words to express
my indebtedness adequately to them.
When the cnws (School of Asian, African and Amerindian Studies) at
Leiden University generously granted me a research assistantship, I began
to enjoy the intellectual environment of the institute and the friendly
treatment of its staff as well. The staff and (PhD) students of the department
of Turkology need to be mentioned as well for their contribution to the very
fruitful intellectual environment surrounding the disciples of Turkology in
Leiden. In the Netherlands I also entered a network of Turkish diaspora
intellectuals which helped me to cultivate my friendship with Ayşe Güveli-
Hamutçi, whose contribution to my work was subtle and deep.
viii acknowledgments
Beyond these teachers, colleagues and friends I would like to thank
Murat Çizakça, who replied to all my e-mails on different aspects of busi-
ness practices. Suraiya Faroqhi deserves special thanks for her readiness
to share her intellectual acquisitions and the documents she copied from
the archives of the Chambre de commerce de Marseille, as well as for her
contribution to the publication of this book.
ABBREVIATIONS
acc Archives de la Chambre de Commerce de Marseille
aşs Ankara Şer’iyye sicilleri
boa a.dvn.dve Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi Bâb-ı Âsafî, Dîvân-
Beylikçi-Kalemi, Düvel-i Ecnebiye
boa cb Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi Cevdet Belediye
boa ch Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi Cevdet Hariciye
boa ci ̇ Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi Cevdet İktisat
boa cm Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi Cevdet Mâliye
boa d.bşm Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi Bâb-ı Defterî, Başmuhâsebe
Kalemi
boa ed Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi Düvel-i Ecnebiye
Defterleri
boa md Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi Mühimme Defterleri
boa mm Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi Mâliyeden Müdevver
boa Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi, Istanbul
dlh Directeuren van den Levantschen Handel en de Navi-
gatie in de Middellandsche Zee (Directors of Levant
Trade and Navigation in the Mediterranean Sea)
ei2 Encyclopaedia of Islam. 2nd edition (Leiden, 1960–
2003)
ƒ guilders
ga Stadsarchief Amsterdam
gl Regionaal Archief Leiden
ld Lion Dollar
na Nationaal Archief (Dutch National Archives), The
Hague
rgp 9 K. Heeringa (ed.), Bronnen tot de Geschiedenis van den
Levantschen Handel. Eerste Deel: 1590–1660, Eerste stuk
(The Hague, 1910).
rgp 10 K. Heeringa (ed.), Bronnen tot de Geschiedenis van den
Levantschen Handel. Eerste Deel: 1590–1660, Tweede
stuk (The Hague, 1910).
rgp 34 K. Heeringa (ed.), Bronnen tot de Geschiedenis van
den Levantschen Handel. Tweede Deel: 1661–1726
(The Hague, 1917).
x abbreviations
rgp 95 j. G. Nanninga (ed.), Bronnen tot de Geschiedenis van den
Levantschen Handel. Derde Deel: 1727–1765 (The Hague, 1952).
rgp 115 j. G. Nanninga (ed.), Bronnen tot de Geschiedenis van den
Levantschen Handel. Vierde Deel: 1765–1826, Eerste stuk (The
Hague, 1964).
rgp 120 j. G. Nanninga (ed.), Bronnen tot de Geschiedenis van den Levant-
schen Handel. Vierde Deel: 1765–1826, Tweede stuk (The Hague,
1966).
sg Staten Generaal (States General)
wnt Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal