OTHER MINDS By the Same Author The Possibility of Altruism Mortal Questions The View From Nowhere What Does It All Mean? Equality and Partiality OTHER MINDS CRITICAL ESSAYS 1969-1994 THOMAS NAGEL New York Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1995 Oxford University Press Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bombay Calcutta Cape Town Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madras Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi Paris Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Copyright © 1995 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nagel, Thomas. Other minds : critical essays, 1969—1994 / Thomas Nagel. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-19-509008-X 1. Philosophy of mind. 2. Ethics. 3. Ethics, Modern—20th century. 4. Political science—Philosophy. I. Title. B945.N333074 1995 128'.2—dc20 94-3162 The author gratefully acknowledges the support of the Filomen D'Agostino and Max E. Greenberg Faculty Research Fund of New York University Law School. 35798642 Printed in the United Slates of America on acid-free paper To the memory of Carlos Nino 1943-1993 This page intentionally left blank Contents Introduction: The Philosophical Culture 3 I: PHILOSOPHY OF MIND 1. Freud's Anthropomorphism 13 2. Freud's Permanent Revolution 26 3. Wittgenstein: The Egocentric Predicament 45 4. Chomsky: Linguistics and Epistemology 56 5. Fodor: The Boundaries of Inner Space 65 6. Armstrong on the Mind 72 7. Dennett: Content and Consciousness 82 8. Dennett: Consciousness Dissolved 86 9. O'Shaughnessy: The Will 90 10. Searle: Why We Are Not Computers 96 II: ETHICS AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY 11. Aristotle on Eudaimonia 113 12. Rawls on Justice 121 13. Nozick: Libertarianism without Foundations 137 14. Hare: Moral Thinking 150 15. Hare: The Foundations of Impartiality 156 16. Williams: One Thought Too Many 167 Vlll CONTENTS 17. Williams: Resisting Ethical Theory 174 18. Schelling: The Price of Life 183 19. Schelling: Personal Identity and Self-Command 188 20. Dworkin: Interpretation and the Law 194 21. Maclntyre versus the Enlightenment 203 22. Kolakowski: Modernity and the Devil 210 Index 215 OTHER MINDS