Ostracoda as Proxies for Quaternary Climate Change

315 Pages·2012·35.37 MB·English

by  David J. Horne, Jonathan A. Holmes, Julio Rodriguez-Lazaro and Finn A. Viehberg (Eds.)

Developments in Quaternary Science
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17. Ostracoda as Proxies for Quaternary Climate Change
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Contributors
Numbers in Parentheses indicate the pages on which the author’s David L. Dettman (145), Environmental Isotope Labora-
contributions begin. tory, Geosciences Department, University of Arizona,
Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. E-mail address:
Jessica Albietz (241), 926A US Geological Survey,
xii Contributors
Stazione, Roma, Italy, E-mail address: ilaria.mazzi- Alison J. Smith (15, 85, 183), Department of Geology,
Chapter 1
A General Introduction to Ostracods:
Morphology, Distribution, Fossil Record
and Applications
Julio Rodriguez-Lazaro1,* and Francisco Ruiz-Mun˜ oz2
1Departamento de Estratigrafı´a y Paleontologı´a, Universidad del Paı´s Vasco UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, E-48080 BILBAO, Spain
2Departamento de Geodina´mica y Paleontologı´a, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Campus del Carmen, Universidad de Huelva, E-21071 Huelva,
Spain
*Corresponding author: e-mail:
2 Ostracoda as Proxies for Quaternary Climate Change
and Jones, 1993), thus allowing Recent assemblages to be
defined as “modern analogues” of fossil assemblages found
in sediment core samples where the palaeoenvironmental
signals may be interpreted in terms of climatic changes
(Delorme and Zoltai, 1984; Penney, 1987, examples in
De Deckker et al., 1988).
Ostracodologists (experts in ostracod studies) have been
very active in recent years. During 2008–2009, about 150
senior researchers are reported in CYPRIS, the ostracodol-
ogists’ newsletter (Brouwers and Frenzel, 2009). In
addition to numerous publications in mainstream interna-
tional scientific journals, significant contributions to
FIGURE 1.1 Generalaspect of liveostracods. (A,B)Nekto-benthonicmyo-
ostracod research are compiled in the Proceedings of the
docopids (Myodocopa, Cypridinoidea) from submarine caves of Tenerife
16th International Symposia on Ostracoda (ISO1, Naples,
(Canary Islands). (A) Left lateral view; length of specimen 1.4 mm.
(B) Female with juveniles occupying the rear half of the body, right lateral 1963 to ISO16, Brasilia, 2009) and also in the 7th European
view; length of specimen 19 mm. (C) Non-marine benthonic podocopid Ostracodologists’ Meetings (EOM1, Frankfurt, 1989 to
(Fabaeformiscandona myllaina Smith and Kamiya, 2007, Podocopa, Cypri-
EOM7, Graz, 2011); complete references for these may be
doidea) from Lake Biwa (Japan), male, left lateral view; length of specimen
found on the International Research Group on Ostracoda
1.3 mm. (A, B) Courtesy of Leopoldo Moro (GRIMA-OCEA´NIDAS).
(IRGO) Website: http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/palaeont/
(C) Courtesy of Dr Robin Smith (Lake Biwa Museum, Japan).
irgo/irgohome.html. Matzke-Karasz et al. (2007) reviewed
the ostracodological activity of the last half-century (1963–
Ostracods were recorded as long ago as 1000–1150 A.D. 2005) by considering a total of 906 contributions presented
when the Mogollon people of NewMexico illustrated some at ISO1–ISO15. According to this survey, ecology, mor-
examples (probably Chlamydotheca or Megalocypris) on a phology, biodiversity and isotopic analyses are the major
piece of Pueblo pottery (Neale, 1988). Ostracods entered the topics of research by ostracodologists, while new disci-
history of science in the second half of the eighteenth plines such as molecular genetics and reproduction in
century, with the first description of an ostracod by Linne´ ostracods are finding their way in the wide field of
in 1746, and the first illustration byBaker (1753) of probably ostracodology.
a Cypris (Oertli, 1982), but the outstanding contribution to
early ostracod studies was that ofO.F.Mu¨ller, who proposed
1.2 MORPHOLOGY
the first linnean taxonomic assignment of an ostracod
(Mu¨ller, 1776, in: Oertli, 1982; Neale, 1988; both also for Considering the question of what Ostracoda are (in terms of
historical references). The Class Ostracoda was named by crustacean relationships), Horne et al. (2005, p. 251) discuss
the French scientist Pierre Andre´ Latreille, who initially the validity of palaeontological and neontological criteria in
used the spelling “Ostrachoda” in 1802 and then changed the definition of this group and conclude that ostracods are
it to “Ostracoda” in 1806 (Oertli, 1982). The nineteenth bivalved arthropodswith up to 8 pairs of limbs in adults, plus
century saw the publication of early descriptive works copulatory limbs and a furca all of which can be totally
(e.g., Baird, 1850) and the establishment of a higher classi- enclosed by a bivalved carapace with no growth lines. The
fication of the main groups (Sars, 1866). These were fol- ostracods have juveniles, not larvae, and grow by moulting;
lowed by classic monographic treatments of living the adults do not normally moult.
ostracods collected during oceanic cruises as well as in The Ostracoda are included as a Class inside the
coastal and inland waters, providing the first insights into Crustacea, though the monophyletic character of the
their ecology and biogeography (e.g., Brady, 1868, 1880; Ostracoda is challenged by the important taxonomic separa-
Brady and Norman, 1889, 1896; Mu¨ller, 1894), as well as tion between the two main groups of the extant Ostracoda:
the first major study of British Pleistocene ostracods the subclasses Myodocopa and Podocopa (Figs. 1.2 and 1.3).
(Brady et al., 1874). The first half of the twentieth century The morphology of limb structures (post- or preanal furca,
saw the publication of important works dealing with branchial plates, post-mandibular limbs) in both subclasses
ostracod taxonomy (Sars, 1923–1928), ecology (Elofson, hints at closer affinities between podocopans and Cambrian
1941) and functional morphology (Skogsberg, 1920; stem-group crustaceans, while myodocopans could have
Cannon, 1925, 1933). Later in the twentieth century, the evolved later in thePalaeozoic (Horne,2005).The term“furca”
joint progress of Recent and Quaternary ostracod studies is retained here for simplicity and continuity with the
was partially grounded in the advances of radiometric dating majority of previous works, but it should be noted that
and the improvement of geochemical microanalyses. The Meisch (2007) has presented strong evidence that it is not a
autecology of many living species has been described in true furca as in other crustaceans, arguing that the ostracod
relation to key environmental parameters (e.g., McKenzie furcal rami should be regarded as uropods. The evolutionary
Chapter 1 A General Introduction to Ostracods 3
FIGURE 1.2 Examples of genera of the major living groups of Ostracoda, all external lateral views. (A) Vargula (Myodocopida, Cypridinoidea), car.
with appendages, left side; (B) Polycope (Halocyprida, Cladocopoidea), LV; (C) Cytherelloidea (Platycopida, Cytherelloidea), RV; (D–R) Podocopida:
(D) Saipanetta (Sigillioidea), car., right side; (E) Neonesidea (Bairdioidea), car., right side; (F) Propontocypris (Pontocypridoidea), car., left side;
(G) Macrocypris (Macrocypridoidea), LV; (H) Cyprinotus (Cypridoidea), car., left side; (I) Ilyocypris (Cypridoidea), RV; (J) Candona (Cypridoidea),
RV; (K) Centrocypris (Cypridoidea), RV; (L) Baffinicythere (Cytheroidea), RV; (M)Hemicytherura (Cytheroidea), LV; (N) Semicytherura (Cytheroidea),
LV; (O) Cyprideis (Cytheroidea), LV; (P) Sahnicythere (Cytheroidea), car., right side; (Q) Pterygocythereis (Cytheroidea), LV; (R) Darwinula
(Darwinuloidea), car., left side. Scale bar¼1.0 mm; arrows point anteriorly. RV, right valve; LV, left valve; car., carapace. A–G, L–M and P–Q aremarine,
N–O are brackish water; H–K and R are non-marine (fresh water). Modified after Horne et al. (2002).
tempo could also have been different between the two the orders Myodocopida, Halocyprida, Platycopida, Podo-
subclasses,gradual inMyodocopaandpunctuated inPodocopa copida and Palaeocopida (Horne et al., 2002) (Fig. 1.4).
(Horne et al., 2005). The criteria used to characterise these taxonomic groups
Modern classification of Quaternary and living are equally based on “soft part” (primarily limbs or
ostracods comprises 10 suborders and 16 superfamilies of appendages) or “hard part” (calcified valves) morphologies.
FIGURE 1.3 Main morphologic characteristics of the carapace and limbs of a marine nekto-benthonic myodocopan (Cypridinoidea) and a marine
benthonic podocopan (Bairdioidea). Arrows point anteriorly.
FIGURE 1.4 Synoptic characteristics of the two subclasses and five orders of Quaternary and living ostracods. cms, central muscle scars (characteristic
patterns).
6 Ostracoda as Proxies for Quaternary Climate Change
The virtual absence of “soft parts” in fossil ostracods (other an anterior rostrum or beak with an associated notch; some
than in rare circumstances of exceptional preservation) myodocopans also possess lateral compound eyes (see
makes imperative the definition of carapace morphologies Fig. 1.1). Limb morphology (five to seven pairs of
with taxonomic value which can be used in the taxonomy of appendages plus a strong furca) shows a clear adaptation
extinct taxa. Fortunately, most Quaternary species have to swimming: antenna with well-developed exopodite
living representatives and their taxonomy can be based bearing long, feathery “swimming setae”, the endopodite
on consideration of the whole ostracod morphology. very reduced (Fig. 1.3) and the remaining limbs reduced
Ostracod morphology is quite different in planktonic or with different adaptations, such as the seventh of myodo-
or benthonic genera due to the phylogenetic origins copans which is used for cleaning inside the carapace. The
and general ecological adaptations of the subclasses eighth limb is the genital apparatus. The furca is placed pos-
Myodocopa and Podocopa (Figs. 1.2–1.4). Myodocopa terior to anus.
comprise exclusively marine nekto-planktonic and nekto- The subclass Podocopa includes marine and non-marine
benthonic ostracods possessing thin carapaces with benthonic ostracods with carapaces exhibiting a high mor-
minimal valve overlap, weak hinge and, in some groups, phological variation, but with no anterior rostrum or
FIGURE 1.5 Characteristic morphologies of the interior of Recent and fossil ostracod valves: (A) Carinocythereis (Cytheroidea), RV, Recent. (B) Het-
erocypris (Cypridoidea), LV, Pliocene. (C) Argilloecia (Pontocypridoidea), LV, Holocene. (D) Krithe (Cytheroidea), LV, Holocene. (E) Cytherella
(Cytherelloidea), RV, Holocene. (F) Bairdia (Bairdioidea), LV, Holocene. (G) Ilyocypris (Cypridoidea), female LV, Pleistocene. Scale bar¼100 mm;
arrows point anteriorly. RV, right valve; LV, left valve. A and C–F are marine, B and G are non-marine.