Osteoporosis: Pathophysiology and Clinical Management PDF
Preview Osteoporosis: Pathophysiology and Clinical Management
OSTEOPOROSIS CONTEMPORARY ENDOCRINOLOGY P. Michael Conn, SERIES EDITOR Diseases of the Thyroid, 2nd ed., edited by LEwIs KENNARD, 1999 E. BRAVERMAN, 2003 The IGF System: Molecular Biology, Physiology, Osteoporosis: Pathophysiology and Clinical and Clinical Applications, edited by RON Management, edited by ERIC S. ORWOU G. ROSENFEW AND CHARLES T. ROBERTs, JR., AND MICHAEL BUZlarEs, 2003 1999 Developmental Endocrinology: From Research Neurosteroids: A New Regulatory Function in to Clinical Practice, edited by ERICA A. the Nervous System, edited by ETIENNE EUGSTER AND ORA HIRSCH PESCOVlTZ, 2002 EMILE BAUUEU, MICHAEL SCHUMACHER, AND Challenging Cases in Endocrinology, edited by PAULRoBEL, 1999 MARK E. MOLlTCH, 2002 Autoimmune Endocrinopathies, edited by Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators: ROBERT VOLPE, 1999 Research and Clinical Applications, Hormone Resistance Syndromes, edited by J. edited by ANDREA MANNI AND MICHAEL F. LARRyJAMESO~ 1999 VERDERAME, 2002 Hormone Replacement Therapy, edited by A. Transgenics in Endocrinology, edited by MARTIN WAYNE MEIKLE, 1999 MA1ZUK, CHESTER W. BROWN, AND Insulin Resistance: The Metabolie Syndrome X, T. RAJENDRA KUMAR, 2001 edited by GERAW M. REAVEN AND AMI LAws, Assisted Fertilization and Nuclear Transfer in 1999 Mammals, edited by DON P. WOLF AND Endocrinology of Breast Cancer, edited by MARY ZEUNsKI-WoarEN, 2001 ANDREA MANNI, 1999 Adrenal Disorders, edited by ANDREW N. MARGIORIS Molecular and Cellular Pediatric Endocrinology, AND GEORGE P. CHROUSOS, 2001 edited by STUART HANDWERGER, 1999 Endocrine Oncology, edited by STEPHEN P. Gastrointestinal Endocrinology, edited by ETHlER, 2000 GEORGE H. GREELEY, IR., 1999 Endocrinology ofthe Lung: Development and The Endocrinology of Pregnancy, edited by Surfactant Synthesis, edited by CAROLE R. FULLER W. BAZER, 1998 MENDELSON, 2000 Clinical Management 0/ Diabetic Neuropathy, Sports Endocrinology, edited by MICHELLE P. edited by ARISTlDIS VEVES, 1998 WARREN AND NAAMA W. CONSTANTINI, 2000 G Proteins, Receptors, and Disease, edited by Gene Engineering in Endocrinology, edited by ALLEN M. SPIEGEL, 1998 MARGARET A. SHUPNIK, 2000 NoJriuretic Peptitks in HeaJth and Diseuse, edited by Endocrinology ofA ging, edited by JOHN E. MoRLEY WllllS K SAMSON AND EIns R. LEv!N, 1997 AND LUCRETIA VAN DEN BERG, 2000 Endocrinology 0/ Critical Disease, edited by K. Human Growth Hormone: Research and Clinical PATRICK OBER, 1997 Practice, edited by Roy G. SMlTH AND Diseases oft he Pituitary: Diagnosis and Treatment, MICHAEL O. THORNER, 2000 edited by MARGARET E. WIERMAN, 1997 Hormones and the Heart in Health and Disease, Diseases of the Thyroid, edited by LEWIS E. edited by LEONARD SHARE, 1999 BRAVERMAN, 1997 Menopause: Endocrinology and Management, Endocrinology ofthe Vasculature, edited by edited by DAVlD B. SEIFER AND EUZABETH A. JAMES R. SOWERS, 1996 OSTEOPOROSIS P ATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND CLINlCAL MANAGEMENT Edited by S. ERIC ORWOLL, MD and MICHAEL BLIZIOTES, MD Oregon Health & Seien ce University, Portland, OR SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS LLC MEDIA, © 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York Originally published by Humana Press mc. in 2003 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 2003 www.humanapress.com All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise without written per mission from the Publisher. The content and opinions expressed in this book are the sole work ofthe authors and editors, who have warranted due diligence in the creation and issuance of their work. The publisher, editors, and authors are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences arising from the information or opinions presented in this book and make no warranty, express or implied, with respect to its contents. Due diligence has been taken by the publishers, editors, and authors of this book to assure the accuracy of the information published and to describe generally accepted practices. The contributors herein have carefully checked to ensure that the drug selections and dosages set forth in this text are ac curate and in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication. Notwithstanding, as new research, changes in government regulations, and knowledge from clinical experience relating to drug therapy and drug reactions constantly occurs, the reader is advised to check the product information provided by the manufacturer of each drug for any change in dosages or for additional warnings and contraindications. This is ofutmost importance when the recommended drug herein is a new or infrequently used drug. It is the responsibility of the treating physician to determine dosages and treatment strategies for individual patients. Further it is the responsibility of the health care provider to ascertain the Food and Drug Administration status of each drug or device used in their clinical practice. The publisher, editors, and authors are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from the application of the information presented in this book and make no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the contents in this publication. This publication is printed on acid-free paper. @ ANSI Z39.48-1984 (American Standards Institute) Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials. Cover illustration: From the article "Morphologic Detail of Aging Bone in Human Vertebrae" by Alan Boyde in Endocrine, voI. 17, no. 1. Cover design: Patricia F. Cleary. Production Editor: Mark J. Breaugh. For additional copies, pricing for bulk purchases, andlor information about other Humana titles, contact Humana at the above address Of at any of the following numbers: Tel.: 973-256-1699; Fax: 973-256-8341; E-mail: [email protected]; or visit our Website: www.humanapress.com Photocopy Authorization Policy: Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by Springer Science+Business Media, LLC,provided that the base fee ofUS $10.00 per copy, plus US $00.25 per page, is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center at 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license from the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged and is acceptable to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is: [0-89603-933-1/03 $10.00 + $00.25]. 10987654321 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Osteoporosis : pathophysiology and clinical management I edited by Eric S. Orwoll and Michael Bliziotes. p. ; cm. --(Contemporary endocrinology) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-61737-260-5 ISBN 978-1-59259-278-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-59259-278-4 1. Osteoporosis. 1. Orwoll, Eric S. II. Bliziotes, Michael. III. Contemporary endocrinology (Totowa, N.J.) [DNLM: 1. Osteoporosis--physiopathology. 2. Osteoporosis--therapy. WE 250 085152002] RC931.073 077542002 616.7' 16--dc21 2002017240 PREFACE With the proliferation ofbooks on osteoporosis in the last few years, one may reason ably ask "Why another?" Our ans wer is that the publication of this edition attempts to use a format that is not available in any other text or mono graph in this field. Chapters dealing with basic science questions and findings are juxtaposed with chapters covering similar issues from a clinical standpoint. It is our hope that the integration of basic and clinical sciences in this format will allow readers from many disciplines to fully place in context the progress, or lack thereof, in the clinical and basic science arenas. At the same time, we hope to give basic scientists a better view of the state of the art as seen by their clinical colleagues, and vice versa. We have attempted to cover as many of the relevant topics of interest as possible while keeping the length of the presented material reasonable. Traditional issues such as calcium supplementation and exercise are juxtaposed with updates in molecular pharma cology and imaging. The contributors are all recognized for their seminal contributions to the field; their rigor, enthusiasm, and (occasionally) focused uncertainty are readily apparent. 1t is hoped that the synergy and contrasts in the basic and clinical findings presented here will be co gent to the reader. The quality of a multiauthor work such as this requires not only the effort and diligence of authors and editors, but also the patience and support of the publisher. We wish to thank Paul Dolgert and Craig Adams at Humana for their generous and timely input and guidance. Eric S. Orwoll, MD Michael Bliziotes, MD v CONTENTS Preface ....................................................................................................... v Contributors ............................................................................................. ix 1 Human and Animal Studies of the Genetics of Osteoporosis ...... 1 Robert F. Klein and Tatiana Foroud 2 The Genetics of Osteoporosis: Progress in Mice, not Man .......... 33 Ego Seeman 3 Peak Bone Mass Acquisition ......................................................... 61 lean-Philippe Bonjour and Rene Rizzoli 4 Peripheral Bone Mineral Assessment of the Axial Skeleton: Technical Aspects ....................................................................... 83 Thomas F. Lang and lejJrey Duryea 5 U se of Bone Densitometry in the Clinical Management of Osteoporosis ......................................................................... 105 lohn Shepherd, Chris Njeh, and Harry K. Genant 6 Technical Aspects of Skeletal Assessment Using Quantitative Ultrasound ............................................... 121 Mary L. Bouxsein 7 Clinical Aspects of Skeletal Assessment with Ultrasound ......... 149 Daniel T. Baran 8 Molecular Markers of Bone Turnover: Basic and Analytical Aspects ................................................... 163 Berthold Fohr, Henning W. Woitge, and Markus l. Seibel 9 Bone Turnover Markers: Their Place in the fnvestigation of Osteoporosis .................... 185 Richard Eastell and Penny R. Bainbridge 10 Mechanical Influences on Bone Mass and Morphology: fnvestigating How Exercise May Regulate Adaptation in the Skeleton ........................................................................... 199 Stefan ludex and Clinton Rubin 11 Exercise in the Prevention of Osteoporosis-Related Fractures. 221 Christine M. Snow and Belinda R. Beck 12 The Physiology and Cell Biology of Calcium Transport in Relation to the Development of Osteoporosis .................... 247 Richard L. Prince and Paul Glendenning 13 Calcium, Bone, and Life .............................................................. 265 Robert P. Heaney 14 Clinical Aspects of the Use of Vitamin D and Its Metabolites in Osteoporosis ......................................................................... 293 fan R. Reid VI1 Vlll Contents 15 The Basic Biology of Estrogen and Bone .................................. 309 Russell T. Turner, David Rickard, Thomas C. Speisberg, and lean D. Sibonga 16 Clinical Trials of Estrogen and SERMs on Bone Markers, Bone Mineral Density, and Fractures ................................... 331 Lorraine A. Fitzpatrick 17 Androgen Action in Bone: Basic Cellular and Molecular Aspects ................................... 349 Kristine M. Wiren 18 Androgens and Skeletal Homeostasis: Potential Clinical Implications oJ Animal Data ..................... 375 Dirk Vanderschueren, Liesbeth Vandenput, lohannes V. Swinnen, Steven Boonen, and Roger Bouillon 19 Gonadal Steroids and the Skeleton in Men: Clinical Aspects .... 393 Benjamin Z. Leder and loel S. Finkelstein 20 Basic Aspects of Calcitonin in Skeletal Health ......................... .413 Carlo Gennari 21 Clinical Utilization of Salmon Calcitonin in the Treatment of Osteoporosis: Rationale, Supportive Data, and Considerations Jor the Future .......................................... 437 Charles H. Chesnut, III and Morse Azria 22 The Mechanism of Action of Nitrogen-Containing Bisphosphonates ........................... .447 Alfred A. Reszka and Gideon A. Rodan 23 Bisphosphonate Treatment of Osteoporosis ............................ .459 Nelson B. Watts 24 Basic Aspects of PTH in Skeletal Health ................................. .475 lanet M. Hock 25 Parathyroid Hormone as a Therapy for Osteoporosis ............ 493 Mishaela R. Rubin and lohn P. Bilezikian 26 The Cellular and Molecular Aspects of Immunosuppressant Osteoporosis ................................... 523 Mone Zaidi, lameel Iqbal, Angela M. Inzerillo, Etsuko Abe, Li Sun, and Solomon Epstein 27 Transplantation Osteoporosis .................................................... 537 Elizabeth Shane 28 The Molecular Pharmacology of Osteoporosis ........................ 569 lameel Iqbal, Angela Inzerillo, Baljit S. Moonga, and Mone Zaidi Index ..................................................................................................... 595 CONTRIBUTORS ETSUKO ABE, PhD, Departments oJ Medicine and Geriatrics, Mount Sinai School oJ Medicine and Bronx VA GRECC, New York, NY MOISE AzRIA, PhD, Department oJ Pharmacology, University oJ Paris, Paris, France; Novartis Pharmaceuticals, Basel, Switzerland PENNY R. BAINBRIDGE, BA, Division oJ Clinical Sciences, Clinical Science Center, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, UK DANIEL T. BARAN, MD, Merck & Co., Westwood, MA; University oJ Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, MA BELINDA R. BECK, PhD, Bone Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR JOHN P. BILEZIKIAN, MD, Department oJ Medicine, Columbia University College oJ Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY JEAN-PHILIPPE BONJOUR, MD, Division oJ Bone Diseases, University Hospital, Geneva Switzerland STEVEN BOONEN, MD, PhD, Leuven University Centre Jor Metabolic Bone Diseases, Catholic University oJ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium ROGER BOUILLON, MD, PhD, Laboratory Jor Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, Catholic University oJ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium MARY L. BOUXSEIN, PhD, Deparment oJ Orthopedics, Orthopedic Biomechanics Lab, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA CHARLES H. CHESNUT, III, MD, Osteoporosis Research Group, University oJWashington Medical Center, Seattle, WA JEFFREY DURYEA, PhD, Deparment oJ Radiology, University oJ California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA RICHARD EASTELL, MD, Division oJ Clinical Sciences, Clinical Science Center, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, UK SOLOMON EpSTEIN, MD, Departments oJ Medicine and Geriatrics, Mount Sinai School oJMedicine and Bronx VA GRECC, New York, NY JOEL S. FINKELSTEIN, MD, Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA LORRAINE A. FITZPATRICK, MD, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic & Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN BERTHOLD FOHR, MD, Department oJ Medicine, University oJ Heidelberg Medical School, Heidelberg, Germany TATIANA FOROUD, PhD, Department oJ Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School oJ Medicine, Indianapolis, IN HARRY K. GENANT, MD, Department oJ Radiology, University oJ California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA CARLO GENNARI, MD, Institute oJ Internal Medicine and Medical Pathology, University oJ Siena, Siena, Italy PAUL GLENDENNING, PhD, Western Australia Institute oJ Medical Research, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia ROBERT P. HEANEY, MD, Osteoporosis Research Center, Creighton University, Omaha, NE ix x Contributors JANET M. HOCK, DOS, PhO, Department oJ Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School oJ Medicine, Indianapolis, IN ANGELA M. INZERILLO, MO, Departments oJ Medicine and Geriatrics, Mount Sinai School oJ Medicine and Bronx VA GRECC, New York, NY JAMEEL IQBAL, BS, Departments oJ Medicine and Geriatrics, Mount Sinai School oJ Medicine, New York, NY STEFAN JUOEX, PhO, Program in Biomedical Engineering, SUNY-Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY ROBERT F. KLEIN, MO, Bone & Mineral Unit, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR THOMAS F. LANG, PhO, Deparment oJ Radiology, University oJ California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA BENJAMIN Z. LEOER, MO, Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA BALJIT S. MOONGA, PhO, Departments oJ Medicine and Geriatrics, Mount Sinai School oJ Medicine, New York, NY CHRIS NJEH, PhO, Department oJ Radiology, University oJ California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA RICHARO L. PRINCE, MO, Western Australia Institute oJ Medical Research, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, Australia IAN R. REIO, MO, Department oJ Medicine, University oJ Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand ALFREO A. RESZKA, PhO, Department oJ Bone Biology and Osteoporosis Research, Merck Research Labs, West Point, PA DAVID RICKARO, PhO, Department oJOrthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN RENE RIzZOLI, MO, Division oJ Bone Diseases, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland GIDEON A. ROOAN, PhO, Department oJ Bone Biology and Osteoporosis Research, Merck Research Labs, West Point, PA CLINTON RUBIN, PhO, Program in Biomedical Engineering, SUNY-Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY MISHAELA R. RUBIN, MO, Department oJ Medicine, Columbia University College oJ Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY EGO SEEMAN, MO, Department oJ Endocrinology, University oJ Melbourne, Austin and Repatriation Medical Center, Melbourne, Australia MARKUS 1. SEIBEL, MO, Laboratory Jor Molecular Bone Biology, ANZAC Research Institute; Department oJ Endocrinology and Metabolism, The University oJ Sydney, Sydney, Australia ELIzABETH SHANE, MO, Department oJ Medicine, Columbia University College oJ Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY JOHN SHEPHERO, PhO, Department oJ Radiology, University oJ California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA JEAN D. SIBONGA, PhO, Department oJ Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN CHRISTINE M. SNOW, PhO, Bone Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR THOMAS C. SPELSBERG, PhO, Department oJ Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN LI SUN, MO, PhO, Departments oJ Medicine and Geriatrics, Mount Sinai School oJ Medicine and Bronx VA GRECC, New York, NY Contributors Xl JOHANNES V. SWINNEN, PhD, Laboratory Jor Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, Catholic University oJ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium RUSSELL T. TURNER, PhD, Department oJ Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN LIESBETH V ANDENPUT, PhD, Laboratory Jor Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, Catholic University oJ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium DIRK V ANDERSCHUEREN, MD, PhD, Laboratory Jor Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, Catholic University oJ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium NELSON B. WATTS, MD, University oJ Cincinnati Bone Bealth and Osteoporosis Center, Cincinnati, OB KRISTINE M. WIREN, PhD, Department oJ Medicine, Oregon Bealth & Science University, and Research Service, Portland VA Medical Center, Portland, OR HENNING W. WOITGE, MD, Molecular Research Unit, Laboratory Jor Molecular Bone Biology, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, Australia MONE ZAIDI, MD, PhD, Departments oJ Medicine and Geriatrics, Mount Sinai School oJ Medicine and Bronx VA GRECC, New York, NY
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