Osteoporosis: Pathophysiology and Clinical Management PDF
Preview Osteoporosis: Pathophysiology and Clinical Management
Contemporary Endocrinology Series Editor: Leonid Poretsky Benjamin Z. Leder Marc N. Wein Editors Osteoporosis Pathophysiology and Clinical Management Third Edition Contemporary Endocrinology Series Editor Leonid Poretsky Division of Endocrinology Lenox Hill Hospital New York, NY, USA More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/7680 Benjamin Z. Leder • Marc N. Wein Editors Osteoporosis Pathophysiology and Clinical Management Third Edition Editors Benjamin Z. Leder Marc N. Wein Massachusetts General Hospital Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA Boston, MA USA USA ISSN 2523-3785 ISSN 2523-3793 (electronic) Contemporary Endocrinology ISBN 978-3-319-69286-9 ISBN 978-3-319-69287-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69287-6 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Humana imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface The second edition of Osteoporosis: Pathophysiology and Clinical Management was edited by Robert Adler. It was a successful compilation that combined key topics in basic science bone biology with clinical discussions regarding osteoporosis diagnosis and management. In this third edition, we have tried to keep to this same strategy for most topics in the exciting and ever-growing literature of osteoporosis. Some new chapters have been added to reflect the new insights and controversies in this rapidly evolving field. Chapters on basic and clinical aspects of potent new therapeutics (deno- sumab, romosozumab, and PTH analogs) have been added. We are grateful to Drs. Lewiecki, Tabacco, Bilezikian, Baron, and Gori for their contributions on these important new therapies. Recently, the topic of safety of osteoporosis therapeutics has garnered considerable attention among physicians, patients, and the lay press. Therefore, we are pleased to add a new chapter on safety considerations for osteoporosis therapies by Drs. Lianne Tile and Angela Cheung. Despite the considerable benefit of our current osteoporosis therapeutics, exactly how these agents should be used in combination and over time remains to be defined. As such, we have included a new chapter on combination and sequen- tial use of therapeutics that highlights very important new studies on this topic. Finally, recent years have witnessed an explosion in knowledge regarding the basic mechanisms controlling how bone cells function in health and dis- ease. As such, we have added new chapters on osteoblast, osteoclast, and osteocyte function and are pleased to include a new chapter that details recent advances in the genetics of bone density, fracture risk, and response to osteo- porosis therapies. In addition, we would like to highlight the recent advances in structural biology, reviewed by Dr. Thomas Gardella, that have revolution- ized the field of parathyroid hormone receptor signaling. We hope that this textbook will represent a valuable resource for a wide variety of skeletal biol- ogy researchers, clinical trainees, and clinicians. v vi Preface We need to thank all the contributors for producing quality work. In an era when time is precious and all of us are stretched, writing a chapter is not usu- ally high on the priority list. Therefore, the tremendous work of the contribu- tors to this volume, all recognized experts in their fields, is greatly appreciated. Boston, MA, USA Marc N. Wein Benjamin Z. Leder Contents 1 Basic Aspects of Osteoblast Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Christina Vrahnas and Natalie A. Sims 2 Basic Aspects of Osteoclast Differentiation and Function . . . . . . 17 Nicola Alesi, Julia F. Charles, and Mary C. Nakamura 3 Basic Aspects of Osteocyte Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Jesus Delgado-Calle and Teresita Bellido 4 Vitamin D and Bone Health: Basic and Clinical Aspects . . . . . . 71 Roger Bouillon and Michaël R. Laurent 5 Basic Aspects of Bone Mineralization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Paul Roschger, Barbara M. Misof, and Klaus Klaushofer 6 Determinants of Peak Bone Mass Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 René Rizzoli and Jean-Philippe Bonjour 7 Osteoporosis Screening and Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Elaine W. Yu 8 New Imaging Techniques for Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Sabashini K. Ramchand and Joy N. Tsai 9 Biochemical Markers of Bone Turnover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Matthew B. Greenblatt, Joy N. Tsai, and Marc N. Wein 10 Biomechanics of Bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Jacqueline H. Cole and Marjolein C. H. van der Meulen 11 Exercise in the Prevention of Osteoporosis-Related Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Belinda R. Beck and Kerri M. Winters-Stone 12 Effects of Estrogens and SERMs on Bone Metabolism: Clinical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Bart L. Clarke 13 The Effects of Androgens on Bone Metabolism: Clinical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Jad G. Sfeir and Matthew T. Drake vii viii Contents 14 Bisphosphonates: Mechanisms of Action and Role in Osteoporosis Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Arthur C. Santora II and Anupa Sharma 15 Denosumab: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Effects in the Treatment of Osteoporosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 E. Michael Lewiecki 16 The Parathyroid Hormone Receptor Type 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Thomas J. Gardella 17 PTH and PTHrP Analogs: Treatment of Osteoporosis . . . . . . . . 349 Gaia Tabacco and John P. Bilezikian 18 Combination and Sequential Osteoanabolic/Antiresorptive Therapy in Osteoporosis Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 Benjamin Z. Leder 19 Sclerostin Inhibition in the Treatment of Osteoporosis . . . . . . . . 375 Roland Baron, Francesca Gori, and Benjamin Z. Leder 20 Osteoporosis in Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 Robert A. Adler 21 Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 Alanna M. K. Dubrovsky, Michael Maricic, and Nancy E. Lane 22 Transplantation Osteoporosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 Yi Liu and Emily Margaret Stein 23 Osteoporosis in Premenopausal Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449 Minghao Liu, Nandini Nair, and Adi Cohen 24 Safety Considerations for Osteoporosis Therapies . . . . . . . . . . . 471 Lianne Tile and Angela M. Cheung 25 Genetic Determinants and Pharmacogenetics of Osteoporosis and Osteoporotic Fracture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 Yi-Hsiang Hsu, Xue Xu, and Sohyun Jeong Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 Contributors Robert A. Adler, MD Endocrinology and Metabolism Section, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA Endocrine Division, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA Nicola Alesi, MD, PhD Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Roland Baron, DMD, PhD Department of Medicine, Harvard School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA Belinda R. Beck, BHMS(Ed), MS, PhD School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia Teresita Bellido, PhD Indiana University School of Medicine/Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Indianapolis, IN, USA John P. Bilezikian, MD, PhD Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA Jean-Philippe Bonjour, MD Department of Bone Diseases, University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland Roger Bouillon, MD, PhD, FRCP Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Julia F. Charles, MD, PhD Department of Orthopaedics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Angela M. Cheung, MD, PhD, FRCPC Department of Medicine, University Health Network/University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada Bart L. Clarke, MD Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic E18-A, Rochester, MN, USA ix
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