Osteoporosis: Pathophysiology and Clinical Management PDF
Preview Osteoporosis: Pathophysiology and Clinical Management
CONTEMPORARY ENDOCRINOLOGY SeriesEditor: P.MichaelConn,PhD OregonHealth&ScienceUniversity Beaverton,OR Forothertitlespublishedinthisseries,goto www.springer.com/series/7680 Robert A. Adler Editor Osteoporosis Pathophysiology and Clinical Management Second Edition Editor RobertA.Adler,MD McGuireVeteransAffairs MedicalCenter SectionofEndocrinology 1201BroadRockBlvd. RichmondVA23249 USA [email protected] SeriesEditor P.MichaelConn,PhD OregonHealth&ScienceUniversity Beaverton,OR ISBN978-1-934115-19-0 e-ISBN978-1-59745-459-9 DOI10.1007/978-1-59745-459-9 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009937295 ©HumanaPress,apartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC2002,2010 Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewrittenpermissionofthe publisher(HumanaPress,c/oSpringerScience+BusinessMedia,LLC,233SpringStreet,NewYork,NY10013,USA), exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Useinconnectionwithanyformofinformation storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafterdevelopedisforbidden. Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,eveniftheyarenotidentifiedas such,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyaresubjecttoproprietaryrights. Whiletheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofgoingtopress,neitherthe authorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade. Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper springer.com Preface ThefirsteditionofOsteoporosis:PathophysiologyandClinicalManagementwasedited byEric Orwoll andMichaelBliziotes.It wasasuccessfulcompilationinwhichonecould learn the science behind clinical care by reading a chapter on the basic aspects followed by a chapter on clinical aspects. In this second edition, I have tried to keep to this same strategy for most topics in the ever-growing literature of osteoporosis. Some new chapters havebeenadded.Withhercolleagues,Dr.SharmilaMajumdarhasprovidedinformationon new bone imaging methods that hold great promise. Dr. Margaret Gourlay has tackled the importanttopicofscreeningforosteoporosis.Wewillbehearingmoreaboutscreeningas performancemeasuresforosteoporosisareinstituted.Mycolleagues,Drs.ValentinaPetkov andMelissaWilliamsprovidedanewchapteronadherencetotherapy,amajorproblemin thecareofpatientswithosteoporosis.Finally,Itooktheeditor’sprerogativeinaddingmy ownchapteronosteoporosisinmen,despitethepresenceofchaptersonbasicandclinical aspects of androgens in bone. While clearly less at risk for fracture than women, men are livinglongenoughtofracture;andwefinallyhavesomedatauponwhichmanagementcan bebased. Every book suffers from the potential for being out of date by the time of publication. Gettingallauthorstowritechaptersexpeditiouslyischallenging,andwhenthefieldmoves as quickly as that of osteoporosis, the final product can be stale upon arrival. In editing the book, I have strived to make the chapters as current as possible. I want to thank three authorsinparticularfortheirtimeliness.Dr.RobertLindsaywrotehischapteronrelatively shortnotice.BothDr.MichaelMaricicandDr.AnnCranney,twoauthorswhosentintheir chaptersquickly,providedupdatedversionswhenthereweremajoradvancementsintheir fields.Theseauthorsclearlywenttheextramile. However,Ineedtothankallthecontributorsforproducingqualitywork.Inanerawhen timeispreciousandallofusarestretched,writingachapterisnotusuallyhighonthepri- oritylist.Therefore,thetremendousworkofthecontributorstothisvolume,allrecognized expertsintheirfields,isgreatlyappreciated. RobertA.Adler v Contents Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix 1 DeterminantsofPeakBoneMassAcquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 RenéRizzoliandJean-PhilippeBonjour 2 BoneMineralAssessmentoftheAxialSkeleton:TechnicalAspects . . . 23 ThomasF.Lang 3 NewImagingTechniquesforBone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 SuchandrimaBanerjee,RolandKrug,SvenPrevrhal, andSharmilaMajumdar 4 The Clinical Role of Bone Density Scans in the Diagnosis andTreatmentofOsteoporosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 GlenM.Blake 5 BiochemicalMarkersofBoneTurnover–BasicBiochemistry andVariability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 MarkusJ.SeibelandChristianMeier 6 BiochemicalMarkersofBoneTurnover–ClinicalAspects . . . . . . . . 131 ChristianMeier,MarkusJ.Seibel,andMariusE.Kraenzlin 7 BiomechanicsofBone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 JacquelineH.ColeandMarjoleinC.H.vanderMeulen 8 MechanicalInfluencesonBoneMassandMorphology . . . . . . . . . . 181 StefanJudexandClintonRubin 9 ExerciseinthePreventionofOsteoporosis-RelatedFractures. . . . . . . 207 BelindaR.BeckandKerriM.Winters-Stone 10 The Physiology and Cell Biology of Calcium Transport inRelationtotheDevelopmentofOsteoporosis . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 RichardL.Prince 11 Calcium,Bone,andLife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 RobertP.Heaney 12 BasicAspectsofVitaminDNutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 ReinholdViethandGloriaSidhom vii viii Contents 13 ClinicalAspectsoftheUseofVitaminDandItsMetabolites inOsteoporosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 IanR.Reid 14 TheBasicBiologyofEstrogenandBone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 MariaSchullerAlmeida 15 EstrogensandEstrogenAgonists/Antagonists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 RobertLindsay 16 AndrogenActioninBone:BasicCellularandMolecularAspects . . . . 359 KristineM.Wiren 17 AndrogenActionsonBone:ClinicalAspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 StefanGoemaere,GuyT’Sjoen,andJean-MarcKaufman 18 SalmonCalcitonin:AnUpdateonItsClinicalUtilityinOsteoporosis . . 423 CharlesH.ChesnutIIIandMoiseAzria 19 BisphosphonateMechanismsofAction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 AlfredA.Reszka 20 Bisphosphonates–TreatmentofOsteoporosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 AnnCranney 21 BasicAspectsofPTHinSkeletalHealth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 J.M.Hock 22 ClinicalUseofParathyroidHormoneinOsteoporosis . . . . . . . . . . 511 JohnP.Bilezikian 23 ScreeningforOsteoporosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 MargaretL.Gourlay 24 OsteoporosisinMen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545 RobertA.Adler 25 Glucocorticoid-InducedOsteoporosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 MichaelMaricic 26 TransplantationOsteoporosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569 EmilySteinandElizabethShane 27 Adherence,Compliance,andPersistencewithOsteoporosisTherapies . . 605 ValentinaI.PetkovandMelissaI.Williams SubjectIndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621 Contributors ROBERT A.ADLER, MD•McGuireVeteransAffairsMedicalCenter,Departmentsof InternalMedicineandEpidemiologyandCommunityHealth,VirginiaCommonwealth UniversitySchoolofMedicine,Richmond,VA,USA MARIA SCHULLER ALMEIDA, PhD•DivisionofEndocrinologyandMetabolism,UAMS CenterforOsteoporosisandMetabolicBoneDisease,UniversityofArkansasfor MedicalSciences,LittleRock,AR,USA MOISE AZIRA, PhD•NovartisPharmaAG,Basel,Switzerland SUCHANDRIMA BANERJEE, PhD•Musculo-skeletalandQuantitativeImagingResearch Group,DepartmentofRadiology,UniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco,CA,USA BELINDA R.BECK, PhD•SchoolofPhysiotherapyandExerciseScience,GoldCoast Campus,GriffithUniversity,Southport,Australia JOHN P.BILEZIKIAN, MD•MetabolicDiseases,DepartmentofMedicine,Columbia University,CollegeofPhysiciansandSurgeons,NewYork,NY,USA GLEN M.BLAKE, PhD•DivisionofImagingSciences,King’sCollegeLondon OsteoporosisUnit,Guy’sHospital,London,UK JEAN-PHILIPPE BONJOUR, MD•DepartmentofBoneDisease,UniversityHospitalof Geneva,Geneva,Switzerland CHARLES H.CHESNUT III, MD•OsteoporosisResearchGroup,Universityof Washington,Seattle,WA,USA JACQUELINE H.COLE, PhD•DepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofMichigan,Ann Arbor,MI,USA ANN CRANNEY, MSC•DepartmentofMedicine,OttawaHospital,Ottawa,Ontario, Canada STEFAN GOEMAERE, MD•UnitforOsteoporosisandMetabolicBoneDiseases, DepartmentofRheumatologyandEndocrinology,GhentUniversityHospital,Ghent, Belgium MARGARET GOURLAY, MD, MPH•DepartmentofFamilyMedicine,UniversityofNorth Carolina,ChapelHill,NC,USA ROBERT P.HEANEY, MD•DepartmentofMedicine,CreightonUniversity,Omaha, Nebraska JANET M.HOCK, BDS, PhD•MaineInstituteforHumanGeneticsandHealth,Brewer, ME,USA STEFAN JUDEX, PhD•DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,StateUniversityofNew YorkatStonyBrook,StonyBrook,NY,USA JEAN-MARC KAUFMAN, MD, PhD•DepartmentofEndocrinologyandLaboratoryof HormonologyandAndrology,UniversityHospitalofGhent,Ghent,Belgium MARIUS E.KRAENZLIN, MD•DivisionofEndocrinology,DiabetesandClinical Nutrition,UniversityHospitalBasel,Basel,Switzerland ix x Contributors ROLAND KRUG, PhD•Musculo-skeletalandQuantitativeImagingResearchGroup, DepartmentofRadiology,UniversityofCaliforniaatSanFrancisco,SanFrancisco, CA,USA THOMAS F.LANG, PhD•DepartmentofRadiology,CenterforMolecularandFunctional Imaging,UniversityofCaliforniaatSanFrancisco,SanFrancisco,CA,USA ROBERT LINDSAY, MBCHB, PhD, FRCP•RegionalBoneCenter,HelenHayesHospital, WestHaverstraw,NY,USA SHARMILA MAJUMDAR, PhD•Musculo-skeletalandQuantitativeImagingResearch Group,DepartmentofRadiology,UniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco,San Francisco,CA,USA MICHAEL MARICIC, MD•UniversityofArizona,CatalinaPointeRheumatology,Tucson, AZ,USA CHRISTIAN MEIER, MD•DivisionofEndocrinology,DiabetesandClinicalNutrition, UniversityHospitalBasel,Basel,Switzerland VALENTINA I.PETKOV, MD, MPH•ResearchService,McGuireVeteransAffairsMedical Center,VirginiaCommonwealthUniversity,Richmond,VA,USA SVEN PREVRHAL, PhD•Musculo-skeletalandQuantitativeImagingResearchGroup, DepartmentofRadiologyandBiomedicalImaging,UniversityofCaliforniaatSan Francisco,SanFrancisco,CA,USA RICHARD L.PRINCE, MD, FRACP•DepartmentofEndocrinology,SirCharlesGardner Hospital,UniversityofWesternAustralia,Perth,Australia IAN REID, MD, MBChB•ProfessorofMedicineandEndocrinology,FacultyofMedical andHealthSciences,UniversityofAuckland,Auckland,NewZealand ALFRED A.RESZKA, PhD•CorporateLicensing,Merck&Co.,Inc,Whitehouse Station,NJ RENE RIZZOLI, MD•DivisionofBoneDiseases,DepartmentofRehabilitationand Geriatrics,WorldHealthOrganisationCollaboratingCenterforOsteoporosis Prevention,GenevaUniversityHospitalsandFacultyofMedicine,Geneva,Switzerland CLINTON T.RUBIN, PhD•DepartmentofBiomedicalEngineering,Centerfor Biotechnology,StateUniversityofNewYorkatStonyBrook,StonyBrook,NY MARKUS J.SEIBEL, MD, PhD, FRACP•Endocrinology,BoneResearchProgram,ANZAC ResearchInstitute,UniversityofSydney,Sydney,Australia ELIZABETH SHANE, MD•DepartmentofMedicine,ColumbiaUniversity,Collegeof PhysiciansandSurgeons,NewYork,NY GLORIA SIDHOM, MD, PhD•DepartmentsofNutritionalSciences,andLaboratory MedicineandPathobiology,UniversityofToronto,andPathologyandLaboratory Medicine,MountSinaiHospital,Toronto,Canada EMILY M.STEIN, MD, MS•DepartmentofMedicine,ColumbiaUniversity,Collegeof PhysiciansandSurgeons,NewYork,NY GUY T’SJOEN, MD, PhD•DepartmentofEndocrinology,UniversityHospitalofGhent, Ghent,Belgium MARJOLEIN C.H. VAN DER MEULEN, PhD•SibleySchoolofMechanicalandAerospace Engineering,CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY REINHOLD VEITH, PhD, FCACB•DepartmentofPathologyandLaboratoryMedicine, MountSinaiHospitalToronto,Ontario,Canada Contributors xi MELISSA I.WILLIAMS, PharmD•PharmacyService,McGuireVeteransAffairsMedical Center,VirginiaCommonwealthUniversitySchoolofPharmacy,Richmond,VA KERRI M.WINTERS-STONE, PhD•DepartmentofNutritionandExerciseScience, OregonStateUniversity,Corvallis,OR KRISTINE M.WIREN, PhD•BoneandMineralUnit,OregonHealth&Science University,PortlandVeteransAffairsMedicalCenter,Portland,OR
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