Osteoarthritis Health Professional Training Manual PDF
Preview Osteoarthritis Health Professional Training Manual
Osteoarthritis Health Professional Training Manual This page intentionally left blank Osteoarthritis Health Professional Training Manual Edited by David J. Hunter Professor of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Rheumatologist at Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia Jillian P. Eyles Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Sydney Musculoskeletal Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Academic PressisanimprintofElsevier 125London Wall,LondonEC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom 525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates 50HampshireStreet,5thFloor,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates TheBoulevard,Langford Lane,Kidlington,OxfordOX5 1GB,UnitedKingdom Copyright©2023ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved. Nopart ofthispublicationmay bereproduced ortransmitted inanyform orbyanymeans, electronicor mechanical,including photocopying, recording,oranyinformation storageandretrieval system,withoutpermission inwritingfromthepublisher. Details onhowtoseek permission, furtherinformation aboutthePublisher’spermissions policiesandourarrangements with organizations suchastheCopyrightClearanceCenterandtheCopyrightLicensing Agency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www. elsevier.com/permissions. Thisbookandtheindividual contributionscontainedinitareprotected undercopyrightbythePublisher (otherthanasmay benotedherein). Notices Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging. As newresearchandexperiencebroadenourunderstanding, changesinresearch methods,professional practices,ormedical treatmentmay becomenecessary. Practitionersandresearchers mustalwaysrelyontheir ownexperience andknowledgeinevaluatingandusingany information,methods,compounds,orexperiments describedherein. Inusingsuchinformation ormethodsthey shouldbe mindfuloftheirown safetyandthesafetyofothers,including partiesforwhom theyhaveaprofessional responsibility. Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neither thePublishernortheauthors,contributors, oreditors, assumeany liabilityforany injuryand/ordamagetopersonsorpropertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligence orotherwise,or fromanyuseor operation ofanymethods,products, instructions,or ideascontainedinthematerialherein. ISBN:978-0-323-99269-5 Forinformation onallAcademic Presspublications visitour website athttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals Publisher:StacyMasucci Acquisitions Editor: ElizabethA.Brown EditorialProjectManager:PatGonzalez ProductionProjectManager:Selvaraj Raviraj CoverDesigner: MatthewLimbert TypesetbyTNQTechnologies Contents Contributors ix Support network 20 Preface xi Attitudes and beliefs 21 Screening for red flags 21 Use of recognized person reported outcome 1. Introduction to OA, communication, measures 21 and person-centered care Goal setting 22 Nina Østera˚s and Samantha Bunzli Key elements of documentation 23 Summary 23 Introduction 1 Physical assessment 23 Section 1a: Etiopathogenesis and epidemiology Introduction 23 of osteoarthritis 1 Preparing for and undertaking the physical What is osteoarthritis? 1 assessment 23 How does osteoarthritis develop? 2 Content of the physical examination 24 How common is osteoarthritis? 2 Specific content for physical examination of Impact and burden of osteoarthritis 3 the knee, hip, and wrist/hand 27 Section 1b: Communication skills that support Summary 35 best evidence osteoarthritis care and Section Clinical practice points 35 1c: person-centered care 4 Concluding remarks 35 What is best evidence osteoarthritis care? 4 References 36 What is person-centered care? 4 What are additional considerations in the 3. Diagnosis, risk factors for OA uptake of best practice osteoarthritis care? 10 Concluding remarks 10 development and progression, Key points 11 OA prevention, and recognizing Multi-choice questions 11 comorbidities References 11 Yuqing Zhang and Sita M.A. Bierma-Zeinstra 2. Module 2: history taking and physical Introduction 39 assessment OA incidence 39 Impact of OA 40 Philippa Nicolson, Leticia Deveza and Melanie OA diagnosis 40 A. Holden Clinical diagnosis 40 Brief introduction to the chapter 15 Early-stage OA 40 History taking 15 Use of additional diagnostics by imaging or Introduction 15 laboratory tests 40 The importance of communication in eliciting Holistic approach 41 accurate information 15 Risk factors 41 A holistic approach to history taking 17 Age 41 Symptom assessment 18 Sex 41 Participation restrictions 18 Race/ethnicity 41 Previous medical history 18 Overweight/obesity 42 Comorbidities 19 Joint injury, habitual and occupational physi- Psychological factors 20 cal activities 42 Sleep and fatigue 20 Nutritional factors 43 v vi Contents Bone mineral density 43 Self-management support strategies 62 Joint shape and alignment 43 Responding to emotions 64 Muscle strength 44 Need for a framework 64 Genetics 45 Behavior change: why should we use a Risk factors for symptomatic OA 45 theoretical framework? 65 OA prevention 45 Common elements of behavior change theory 65 Primary prevention 45 A social cognitive framework: social cognitive Preventing knee injury 46 theory 66 Interventions after knee injury 46 Promoting self-efficacy: the central element 66 Interventions for hip dysplasia 46 Feedback loops: relationship among past Interventions for cam deformity or FAIS 46 behavior, self-efficacy, and performance 67 Secondary prevention 47 Case study 68 OA and comorbidities 47 Background information 68 References 48 Relationship building and assessment 68 Soliciting the main concern 68 4. Core components of best evidence Using a social cognitive framework e OA care: management planning, intervention 69 education, supporting self- Follow-up and evaluation 70 management and behavior change References 70 Shannon L. Mihalko, Phillip Cox, 5. Physical activity, exercise, and Sarah Kobayashi and Jillian P. Eyles therapeutic exercise Introduction to core components of best Rana S. Hinman and Kim L. Bennell evidence OA care 55 Keycomponents of best evidence OA care 55 What is physical activity, sedentary behavior, Brief summaryof evidence supporting core exercise, and therapeutic exercise? 73 components of best evidence OA care 56 Recommendations for physical activity in OA 74 Education and support for self-management 56 Consequences of physical inactivity and Increasing physical activityand exercise 56 sedentary behavior in OA 75 Weight management 57 Types of exercises that are beneficial for A comprehensive approach to osteoarthritis people with OA 77 management 57 Cardiovascular (aerobic) fitness 77 Utilizes a biopsychosocial approach and Resistance (strength) training 77 perspective 57 Flexibility (stretching) exercise 78 Interdisciplinary coordinated care 57 Neuromotor (neuromuscular) exercise 78 Keyelements: self-efficacy, goals, strengths and Mind-bodyexercise 78 available resources, and behavior change Counselling-based physical activity techniques 58 promotion 79 Self-efficacy 58 Mechanisms of exercise benefits 79 Goal-driven 58 Safetyof physical activity and therapeutic Considers individual strengths and available exercise 79 resources 59 Principles of exercise prescription and Incorporates a range of behaviorchange progression for OA 81 techniques 60 Overcoming barriers to physical activityand Approaches to monitoring treatment progress exercise participation 82 and adjusting management plans 60 Services and supports to facilitate engagement Regular monitoring 60 in physical activity and exercise for people Use validated psychosocial tools to aid in with OA 84 assessment and to support monitoring 61 Increasing adherence to home exercise 88 Regularly review plan and adjust 61 Activity pacing and behavioral graded activity Purpose and importance of education and for people with OA 88 support for self-management 62 References 89 Contents vii 6. Module 6: core components of best Medial and lateral wedges or insoles 115 evidence OA care e weight control Footwear 116 Walking poles 116 Marius Henriksen and Zhaoli Dai Gait retraining 116 AIMS 95 Electrical stimulation for pain management 116 A brief introduction to the chapter 95 Classic rehabilitation approaches 117 Effect of weight control in OA pain manage- Manual therapy 117 ment and OA disease progression 95 Taping 117 Overweight or obesity is a strong risk factor Assistive devices 117 for OA 96 Thermal modalities 118 Mechanisms of body weight contributing to Complementary alternative medicine 119 the development and progression of OA 96 Yoga and pilates 119 Benefits of weight loss in OA 96 Tai chi and acupuncture 119 Other benefits of weight loss 97 Psychosocial strategies 119 Diet and OA: Summaryof dietarycomponents Summary and concluding remarks 120 and their effects on the prevention and References 120 management of OA 98 8. Pharmacotherapy Diet and weight loss 98 Antiinflammatory diets 98 Shirley P. Yu and Richard O. Day Dietary components 98 Meal replacement and low caloric diets 99 Aims for module 125 Patient-centered weight control to manage OA 100 Role and rationale of pharmacotherapy in How can we best support people with OA to OA management 125 lose body weight? 100 Oral medications 126 How to maintain weight loss? 101 Acetaminophen (paracetamol) 126 Safety considerations 101 Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) 126 Barriers to implementing weight control in Opioids 131 persons with OA 102 Adjuvant analgesics 132 Overall factors for weight loss 102 Topical therapies 133 Patient level 103 Capsaicin 133 Clinician level 103 Topical NSAIDS 133 Lack of time (patients and clinicians) 104 Intraarticular therapies 133 Concluding remarks 104 Corticosteroids 133 Selected links to any helpful online resources 105 Hyaluronan products 134 Europe 105 Platelet-rich plasma 134 US 105 Stem cell therapy 134 Asia 105 Dextrose prolotherapy 135 Australia 105 Dietary supplements/nutraceutical products 135 Africa 105 Glucosamine sulfate 135 Case study 3: Katrina 105 Chondroitin 136 References 106 Fish oil/krill oil 136 Vitamin D 136 7. Module 7: adjunctive rehabilitative Vitamin K 136 interventions Avocado soybean unsaponfiables (ASU) 137 Collagen 137 Rebecca Moyer and Howard Hillstrom Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) 137 Tumeric/curcumin 137 Introduction to adjunctive rehabilitative Boswellia serrata 138 interventions 111 Pycnogenol 138 Biomechanical devices and strategies 112 Experimental therapies 138 Varus/valgus unloader braces 112 Concluding remarks 139 Patellofemoral bracing 114 References 142 Hip bracing 115 viii Contents 9. Surgery for osteoarthritis 10. The interprofessional team, service delivery, and professional Peter F.M. Choong and Michelle M. Dowsey development Indications for surgery 147 Jocelyn L. Bowden, Carin Pratt, Surgical options for osteoarthritis 149 Sarah Kobayashi and Martin van der Esch Procedures for hip osteoarthritis 149 Total hip replacement 149 Introduction 165 Pelvic osteotomy 150 Principles underpinning successful deliveryof Procedures for knee osteoarthritis 150 care 166 Total knee replacement 150 Support for self-management of osteoarthritis 166 Unicompartmental knee Person-centered care 167 replacement 151 The Chronic Care Model 167 Patellofemoral replacement 152 Interprofessional and multidisciplinary care 168 High tibial osteotomy 153 Exploring health and nonhealth consider- Risks of surgery 154 ations for delivering care 169 General 154 The healthcare team 170 Specific risks related to total joint Delivering and coordinating osteoarthritis replacement 154 care 177 Preoperative preparation 154 Thinking beyond health caredintegrating General fitness 154 care into everyday life 183 Comorbidities 154 Pathways of care and adapting them to suit Infections 155 different settings 186 Anesthetic and postoperativepain Enhancing osteoarthritis care in lower- relief 155 resourced settings 187 Postoperative course 155 Incorporating evidence-based care into your In hospital e Early Recovery After Surgery clinical practice 187 (ERAS) 156 Using the evidence pyramid (levels of First 6 weeks 156 evidence) in evidence-based care 189 First 12 months 156 Top tier evidence to guide decision-making 189 Measuring outcomes 157 Other reliable sources of information 190 Patient expectations and In closing. 190 satisfaction 157 References 191 Acknowledgments 157 References 158 Index 195 Contributors Kim L. Bennell, Department of Physiotherapy, The Jillian P. Eyles, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Sydney Musculoskeletal Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Sita M.A. Bierma-Zeinstra, Department of General Practice & Department of Orthopedics and Sports Marius Henriksen, The Parker Institute, Copenhagen Medicine, Erasmus MC - University Medical Centre University, Hospital Bispebjerg, Frederiksberg, Den- Rotterdam, The Netherlands mark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Jocelyn L. Bowden, The Kolling Institute, Sydney Mus- Copenhagen, Denmark culoskeletal Health, The University of Sydney and the Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Howard Hillstrom, Leon Root, Motion Analysis Labora- Australia tory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, United States Samantha Bunzli, The University of Melbourne, Depart- mentofSurgery,StVincent’sHospital,Parkville,VIC, Rana S. Hinman, Department of Physiotherapy, The Australia University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia PeterF.M.Choong,UniversityofMelbourne,Department MelanieA.Holden,SchoolofMedicine,KeeleUniversity, ofSurgery,MelbourneMedicalSchool,Parkville,VIC, Keele, Staffordshire, United Kingdom Australia Sarah Kobayashi, The Kolling Institute, Sydney Muscu- Phillip Cox, Department of Health and Exercise Science, loskeletal Health, The University of Sydney and the Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United Northern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, States Australia;InstituteofBoneandJointResearch,Kolling Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Zhaoli Dai, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Pharmacy, Australia Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia; College of Shannon L. Mihalko, Department of Health and Exercise Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, United States Adelaide, SA, Australia Rebecca Moyer, School of Physiotherapy, Dalhousie RichardO.Day,ClinicalPharmacology&Toxicology,St University, Halifax, NS, Canada Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney and St Vincent's Clinical Philippa Nicolson, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Campus, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Univer- Australia sity of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom Leticia Deveza, Rheumatology Department, Royal North Carin Pratt, Department of Physiotherapy, Royal North Shore Hospital and Institute of Bone and Joint ShoreHospital,NorthernSydneyLocalHealthDistrict, Research, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia Sydney, New South Wales, Australia NinaØsterås,NationalAdvisoryUnitonRehabilitationin Michelle M. Dowsey, Department of Surgery, University Rheumatology, Division of Rheumatology and of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway Melbourne, VIC, Australia ix
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