Osteoarthritis: Clinical and Experimental Aspects

537 Pages·1999·11.518 MB·English

by  Prof. J.-Y. Reginster MD, PhD, Prof. J.-P. Pelletier MD, PhD, Prof. J. Martel-Pelletier PhD, Y. Henrotin PhD, L. Crasborn MD (auth.)

Osteoarthritis
~l~Pharma
With the unlimited educational grant of
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UCB S.A. Pharma Sector - Allee de la Recherche 60, B-1 070 Brussels, Belgium
Springer
Berlin
Heidelberg
New York
Barcelona
Hong Kong
London
Milan
Paris
Singapore
Tokyo
Y.
J.- REGINSTER . J.-P. PELLETIER
Y.
J. MARTEL-PELLETIER· HENROTIN
• •
Osteoar rlt s
Clinical and Experimental Aspects
With editorial assistance by 1. CRASBORN
With 92 Figures
i
Springer
PROF. J.-Y. REG INSTER, MD, PhD Y. HENROTIN, PhD
Department of Epidemiology Bone and Cartilage Metabolim
and Public Health Research Unit
University of Liege Department of Physical Medicine
CHU Sart-Tilman B23 Institute of Pathology (+5)
B-4000 Liege University of Liege
Belgium CHU Sart-Tilman B23
B-4000 Liege
PROF. J.-P. PELLETIER, MD, PhD Belgium
PROF. J. MARTEL-PELLETIER, PhD
Osteoarthritis Research Unit L. CRASBORN, MD
Centre de Recherche L.C. Simard UCB s.a. Global Marketing
Centre Hospitalier de l'Universite Allee de la Recherche 60
de Montreal B-1070 Brussels
Campus Notre-Dame Belgium
1560 Sherbrooke St. East
Montreal
Quebec H2L 4Ml
Canada
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Osteoarthritis. Clinical and Experimental Aspects / [edited by 1
J.-Y. Reginster ... [et al.l ; with editorial assistance by L.
Crasborn.
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-3·540·65127·7 e-ISBN-I3: 978-3-642-60026·5
DOl: 10.1007/978·3-642-60026·5
1. Osteoarthritis. I. Reginster, Jean-Yves.
RC931.067 E96 1999
616-i.223-dC21 98-33430
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Preface
Musculoskeletal diseases are rapidly becoming a major health concern. The
incidence of osteoarthritis, the most common arthritic disorder, is increasing
steadily due to the graying of the world population. This disease is responsible
for significant morbidity, particularly in the second half of human life, a time in
which the quality of life is of primary importance. The aim of this publication
is to bring to physicians and scientists a comprehensive overview of the field,
from molecules to men.
The direct costs related to osteoarthritis have been increasing steadily over
the years and will soon be comparable to those of other major illnesses, such as
cardiovascular diseases. This, of course, does not take into account all of the
other costs related to the disease which often cannot be simply calculated in
dollars and cents.
There has been a great deal of renewed interest in osteoarthritis in the last
few decades. This has been brought on by the need to improve our knowledge
of all aspects of the disease, especially with regard to its etiopathogenesis and
treatment. The most recent findings and developments on the structural, bio
chemical, biomechanical and molecular changes observed in clinical and ex
perimental osteoarthritis are presented in this book.
Each chapter highlights the most recent progress made with respect to the
understanding of the different mechanisms involved in inducing the structural
changes characteristic of the disease. The relevance of experimental models to
explore with great detail and precision the very early stages of osteoarthritis
and to study cartilage response damage and repair is also reviewed. Several
interesting developments have recently occurred with regard to the exploration
of the different clinical aspects of the disease. Dimensions of the disease which
were long ignored, such as its economic aspects and its impact on the daily life
style of the patient, are now receiving much more attention, in part because of
the practical implications for the administration of health care programs in
industrialized countries around the world.
This review also focuses on recent developments of the imaging techniques
used to evaluate osteoarthritic structural changes. Several advances have
brought forth new technologies that enable not only the evaluation of the pro
gression of the disease over time, but also allow evaluation of the effectiveness
of treatment on the structural changes of osteoarthritis.
VI Preface
The development of new treatments for osteoarthritis has experienced a
broad expansion in many ways. The advent of several new drugs has forced the
improvement of protocols to accurately evaluate their efficacy. Many of these
advances have been made possible. through the collaboration of multidis
ciplinary groups, which has allowed a comprehensive approach. Substantial
progress has been made, for instance, in the development of accurate and sen
sitive tools to evaluate the impact of the disease and its treatment on the qual
ity of life of patients. Recent advances in the understanding of the pathophysio
logical mechanisms of osteoarthritis have allowed for the development of new
agents and drugs, some of which we hope will be found to have structurally
protective effects vis-a.-vis the disease process. Some very challenging and ex
citing years lie ahead of us in this field.
Progress in the field of osteoarthritis has been the result of fruitful collab
orations among physicians, scientists, epidemiologists and people from many
other areas of expertise. We wish to sincerely thank them for their excellent
contributions and their dedication. The future looks brighter than ever now
that a cure for osteoarthritis may be within reach.
J.-Y. REGINSTER
J.-P. PELLETIER
J. MARTEL-PELLETIER
Y.HENROTIN
Contents
1 Structure and Function of Normal Human Adult Articular Cartilage ... 1
E.J-M.A. THONAR, K. MASUDA, D.H MANICOURT,
and K. E. KUETTNER
2 Epidemiology and Economic Consequences of Osteoarthritis 20
2.1 The American Viewpoint ................................... 20
J. C. SCOTT, M. LETHBRIDGE-CEJKU, and M.C. HOCHBERG
2.2 The European Viewpoint 38
X. BADIA LLACH
3 Experimental Models of Osteoarthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.1 In Vitro Models for the Study of Cartilage Damage and Repair. . . . 53
Y. HENROTIN and J.-Y. REGINSTER
3.2 Animal Models of Osteoarthritis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
K.D.BRANDT
4 Pathophysiology of Osteoarthritis 101
4.1 Role of Mechanical Factors in the Aetiology, Pathogenesis
and Progression of Osteoarthritis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
G.NUKI
4.2 Role of Biomechanical Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 115
P.GHOSH
4.3 Genetic and Metabolic Aspects .............................. 134
c.J. WILLIAMS and S.A. JIMENEZ
4.4 Biochemical Factors in Joint Articular Tissue Degradation
in Osteoarthritis .......................................... 156
J. MARTEL-PELLETIER, J. DI BATTISTA, and D. LAJEUNESSE
VIII Contents
4.5 Role of Growth Factors and Cartilage Repair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 188
W.B. VAN DEN BERG, P.M. VAN DER KRAAN,
and H.M. VAN BEUNINGEN
4.6 Role of Crystal Deposition in the Osteoarthritic Joint. . . . . . . . . . .. 210
G.M.McCARTHY
5 Diagnosis and Monitoring of Osteoarthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 228
5.1 Direct Visualization of the Cartilage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 228
X. AYRAL and M. DOUGADOS
5.2 Radiographic Imaging of Osteoarthritis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 246
e. BUCKLAND-WRIGHT
5.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Osteoarthritis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 268
Y. JIANG, e.G. PETERFY, J.J. ZHAO, D.L. WHITE, J.A. LYNCH,
and H. K. GENANT
5,4 The Role of Molecular Markers to Monitor Breakdown and Repair 296
L.S. LOHMANDER
6 Evolution and Prognosis of Osteoarthritis 312
E. VEYS and G. VERBRUGGEN
7 Impact of Osteoarthritis on Quality of life 331
J. POUCHOT, J. COSTE, and F. GUILLEMIN
8 Medical Management of Osteoarthritis ......................... 356
8.1 Medical Aspects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 356
8.1.1 Basic Principles in Osteoarthritis Treatment ................... 356
D. CHOQUETTE, J.-P. RAYNAULD, and E. RICH
8.1.2 Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Administration
in the Treatment of Osteoarthritis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 370
J.T. DINGLE
8.1.3 New and Future Therapies for Osteoarthritis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 387
J.-P. PELLETIER, B. HARAOUI, and J. C. FERNANDES
8.2 Regulatory Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 408
8.2.1 Preclinical Studies in Osteoarthritis .......................... 408
M. SISAY and R. D. ALTMAN
8.2.2 Clinical Evaluation of Drug Therapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 421
J.-Y. REGINSTER, B. AvouAc, and C. GOSSET
Contents IX
9 Surgical Treatment of the Cartilage Injuries 431
M. BRITTBERG
10 Scientific Basis of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation
in the Management of Patients with Osteoarthritis ............... 453
J-M. CRIELAARD and Y. HENROTIN
11 Conclusion and Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 480
M. LEQUESNE and L. PUNZI
Subject Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 511
Contributors
R.D.ALTMAN C. BUCKLAND-WRIGHT
Rheumatology and Immunology, Division of Anatomy and Cell Biology,
Department of Medicine, United Medical and Dental Schools of Guy's
University of Miami School of Medicine, and St. Thomas's Hospitals, London Bridge,
and Geriatric Research, Education London SE1 9 RT, UK
and Clinical Center (GRECC), (e-mail: [email protected])
Miami Veterans Affairs Medical Center,
Miami VAMC (NH207G), D. CHOQUETTE
Miami, FL 33125, USA Rheumatic Disease Unit, Centre Hospitalier
(e-mail: [email protected]) de l'Universite de Montreal,
Campus Notre-Dame, 1560 Sherbrooke
B.AVOUAC S1. East, Montreal, Quebec, H2L 4M1
Department of Rheumatology, Canada
H6pital Henri Mondor, Creteil, France
J. COSTE
X.AYRAL Departement de Biostatistique,
Department of Rheumatology,
H6pital Cochin, Paris, France
Cochin Hospital, Rene Descartes University,
Service de Rhumatologie B,
J-M. CRIELAARD
27 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques,
Bone and Cartilage Metabolim Research
75679 Paris Cedex 14, France
Unit, Department of Physical Medicine,
Institute of Pathology, University
X. BADIA LLACH
of Liege, CHU Sart-Tilman, 4000 Liege,
Catalan Institute of Public Health,
Belgium
University of Barcelona, Campus de
Bellvitge, Ctra. de la Feixa Llarga sIn 08907
L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain J. DI BATTISTA
Osteoarthritis Research Unit, Centre de
(e-mail: [email protected])
Recherche L.C. Simard, Centre Hospitalier
de l'Universite de Montreal,
K.D.BRANDT
Rheumatology Division, Indiana University Campus Notre-Dame, 1560 Sherbrooke
School of Medicine and Indiana University S1. East, Montreal, Quebec, H2L 4M1
Multipurpose Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Canada
Diseases Center, 541 Clinical Drive, Room
492, Indianapolis, IN 46202-5103, USA J. T. DINGLE
Cambridge Research Laboratories, l3 Adam
M. BRITTBERG Road, Cambridge CB3 9AD, UK
Cartilage Research Unit,
Goteborg University, Department M.DOUGADOS
of Orthopaedics, Kunsgsbacka Hospital, Department of Rheumatology,
S-43440 Kungsbacka, Sweden (e-mail: Co chin Hospital, Rene Descartes University,
[email protected]) Paris, France