Osmanlı Belgelerinin Dili (Diplomatik)

648 Pages·1998·31.983 MB·Turkish

by  Mübahat S. Kütükoğlu

KUBBEALTI NEŞRİYÂTI No: 35
Baskı Seçil Ofset Tel: [phone]
Kubbcaltı Dizgi Merkezi Tel: [phone]
Grafik Bülent Engez
Fotoğraflar Selâmet Taşkın
ISBN 975-7663-18-2
V
Osmanlı diplomatiğine emek vermiş iki hocam,
*v..
Ord. Prof. İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı ve
Prof. M. Tayyib Gökbilgin'in hatıralarına
M. S. K.

İ Ç İ N D E K İ L E R
İÇİNDEKİLER.......................................^ ...............................................................................
METÎiHÇİNDEKİ ŞEKİLLERİN L İS T E S İ......................................................XVII
^ v,; v
EKLERİN İİSTESİ . . . . . ^ . . . > . . . \ . XXIII
ÖNSÖZ ............................................................................................................................XXVII
KISALTMALAR...................................................................................................................XXXI
G İ R İ Ş
l .Osmanlı Arşivi ....................................................................................................................1
2.Diplomatik (Beige İ l m i ) ....................................................................................................3
a.Diplomatiğin Doğuşu ve G e liş m e s i......................................................................3
b.Osmanlı..D ip lo m a tiğ i....................................................................................................5
B i r i n c i B ö l ü m
Y A Z I VE Y A Z I M A L Z E M E L E R İ
Y A Z I M A L Z E M E L E R İ .............................................................................................15
A. KÂĞIT ............................................................................................................................................15
1 .Tarihçe................................................................................................................................... . 15
2.Kâğıt İm âli...................................................................................................................................19
3.Kâğıdın Terbiyesi....................................................................................................................21
a. Aharlama..................................................................................................................................22
b.Mührelem e ....... 23
4.OsmanlIlarda K â ğ ı t .................................................................................... 24
a.Doğu Menşe’liler . .............................................................. 24
b.Batı..Menşe’iiier .............................................................................................................25
c.Osmanlı Kâğıthaneleri ............................................................................................26
d.Merkez Kalemlerinde Kullanılan Kâğıtlar ......................................................29
B. KALEM VE KALEMTRAŞ .............................................................................................3 7
1.. K a le m ...........................................................................................................................................3 7
2 .K alem traş...................................................................................................................................40
C. MÜREKKEB..................................................................................................................................41
D. DİĞER MALZEMELER ............................................................................................................47
1. H o k k a ...........................................................................................................................................47
2. Lika . . & .............................................................................................................48
3. Rik, Rikdan, Rik Sofrası....................................................................................................48
4. Makas . ..............................................v ....................................................................49
5. Kozak ve B â îfn u m u ............................................................................................................49
II. Y A Z I . . . . . . .............................................................................................5 0
A. ARAB Y A Z IS I...........................................................................................................................50
1. Menşe’i _ ...................................................................................................................................5 1
a. Arab Yazısının Menşe’i .............................................................................................51
b. Arab Alfabesi ....................................................................................................................5 1
2. Yazının Gelişmesi...................................................................................................................52
a. İlk Devirler . " ...................................................................................................52
b. Kışa Seslilerin Gösterilmesi,^................................................................................53
c. Harflerin Noktalarla Ayırd Edilmesi.....................................................................53
»v B. Atff&M-I SİTTE T " ....................................................................................................................5 5
l.S ü l-üf*...............................................• ■ • '•"» . . • ' . . . . 55
2 . N e s i h ...........................................................................................................................................56
3 .Tevkî1 ...........................................................................................................................................58
4.Rıka‘ ............................................................................................. 5 8
5 .M uhakkak...................................................................................................................................5 9
6 .Reyhânî ..................................................................................................................................60
C. DİĞER Y A Z IL A R ........................................................................................... . . . 60
1 .Ta‘ I i k ...........................................................................................................................................60
2.Dîvânî ve Celî D îvânî............................................................................................................6 1
a.Dîvânî .................................................................................................... . 61
b.Celî.D îv â n î............................................................................................. . 63
3 .Siyakat ve Dîvân Rakam ları.............................................................................................64
a. S iy a k a t ................................................................................................................................64
b.Dîvân Rakamları ...........................................................................................................66
4. Rik‘a ........................................................................................................................... . . 67
Sonuç . .................................................................................................... . 68
D. BELGELERDE KULLANILAN KISALTMA VE ÖZEL İŞARETLER . . 69
İ k i n c i B ö l ü m
B E L G E L E R D E K U L L A N I L A N A L Â M E T L E R
V E
M Ü H Ü R L E R
1. T U Ğ R A . . . . . .....................................................................................................71
11. P E N Ç E ..........................................................................................................................................76
A. BEYZELİ PE N Ç E L E R ........................................................................................................... 77
B. KEŞİDELİ PENÇELER . ...................................................... 77
1 .Uzun K eşîdeliler...................................................................................................................77
2.Kısa Keşîdeliler ...................................................................................................................78
C. BEYZE VE KEŞİDE B U L U N M A Y A N L A R ..............................................................79
ITT. K U Y R U K L U İ M Z A .................................................................................................... . 79
A. TARİHÎ GELİŞMESİ . ............................................................................................................79
B. RÜKÜNLERİ ............................................................................................................................81
1 .Sere . . « ....................................................................................................................81
2.Tuğ . ....................................................................................................................................82
3.Kuyruk .............................................................r .....................................................................83
C. BELGEDEKİ-YERİ....................................................................................................................83
IV. M Ü H Ü R . . . . ."“' ' T .............................................................................................83
A. CİNS VE ŞE K İL L E R İ............................................................................................................84
1 .Mühr-i H ufnâyûn....................................................................................................................84
2.Resmî M ü h ü r le r....................................................................................................................87
a. Şahıs Adı Bulunanlar . . . r— ......................................................................87
b.Makam Adı Bulunanlar....................................................................................................8 7
c..Makam ve Şahıs Adı B ulunanlar.............................................................................89
3.Vakıf Mühürleri...............................*****...............................................................................91
ygadişah Vakıfları....................................................................................................................91
* a#'..Tuğra B u lu n a n la r.....................................................................................................91
âbfTuğra Bulunmayanlar ... . . . ' . . . .91
b.Diğer Şahıslara Âid Vakıf M ühürleri......................................................................91
4.Şahsî Mühürler ....................................................................................................................93
a. Şekil ve M u h tevâları.................................................................................... . 93
b.Resmî Belgelerde Mühürlerin Basılma S ır a la r ı..............................................95
5.Tatbik Mühürleri ....................................................................................................................96
a.Merkez Kalemlerindeki D efterler.............................................................................96
b.Hakkâklerin Mühür Defterleri.....................................................................................97
6.Sahh M ü h ü r le r i....................................................................................................................97
Ü ç ü n c ü B ö l ü m
P A D İ Ş A H A Â İ D B E L G E L E R
1. F E R M A N ..........................................................................................................................................99
A. RÜKÜN VE ŞARTLARI....................................................................................................100
1 .Davet (invocatio)............................................................................................................100
2. T u ğ r a ...................................................................................................................................101
3 .Elkab (Inscriptio) .............................................................................................................101
a. İdareci Kadro Mensublarına Âid E l k a b ......................................................101
b.İlmiye Sınıfına Âid E lk a b .....................................................................................105
c..Hristiyanlar İçin Kullanılan Elkab.....................................................................106
4.Du a ^ ..............................................................................107
a. İdareci Kadro Mensublarına Âid D u a la r ......................................................107
b.İlmiye Sınıfına Âid Dualar.....................................................................................108
c..Hristiyanlar İçin Kullanılan D u a l a r ..............................................................108
5.Nakil-İblâğ (Narratio / E x p o s itio ).....................................................................108
6.Emir-IIüküm (Dispositio) .....................................................................................109
7.Te’kid~Tehdid (Sanctio / Comminatio)..............................................................111
8.Tari..............................................................................................................................................h 112
9.Mahall~i T a h r i r ............................................................................................................1 13
B. YAZILIŞ SEBEB VE ŞEKİLLERİ İLE MENŞE’LERİ.......................................116
1 .Yazılış Sebebleri .............................................................................................................116
a. İlk Y a z ı l ı ş ....................................................................................................................116
aa. Re’s e n ....................................................................................................................116
ab. Müracaat Ü z e r in e ............................................................................................116
b. Hazırlanış Safhaları....................................................................................................11 6
c. Te’kid veya T ecd id ....................................................................................................117
ca. Te’kid ..............................................................117
cb. T e c d i d ...................................................................................................................118
2. Menşe’lerıne Göre Fermanlar . ......................................................................118
a. Dîvândan Yazılanlar......................................................' T ' ....................................İ19
b. Mâliyeden Yazılanlar" .............................................................................................121
C. SAHTE FERM ANLAR........................................................................................................122
1. Sahte F-ermanlardan Ö r n e k le r .............................................................................122
2. Sahte Ferman Yazanlara Verilen C e z a la r ......................................................123
Sonuç . ...................................................... ..............................................................124
II. B E R A T . . . ....................................................................................................124
A. RÜKÜNLERİ . . . . ............................................................. . 124
1. Davet ^ ...................................................................................................................................124
2.;Juğra . ............................................................................................................................125
3.'N|:fan Formülü . . . . . 125
a. Nişan Kelimesiyle Başlayanlar ......................................................................125
b."Sebeb (vech)-i tahrir" ile B aşlayan lar......................................................127
4...Unvan . . . . . . ......................................................................128
5. E lk a b ...................................................................................................................................128
6. Nakil / İ b l â ğ ....................................................................................................................1 29
7. Emir / Hüküm........................................................................................................................130
8. Te’kid / T e h d id ...........................................................................................................130
9. T a r ih ...................................................................................................................................131
10. Mahall-i T a h r ir .............................................................................................. 131
B. BERAT C İN SL E R İ............................................................................................................132
1 .Verildikleri Kalemlere Göre .....................................................................................132
a. Dîvândan Verilenler .............................................................................................132
b.Mâliyeden V e r ile n le r .............................................................................................132
c..Askerî B eratlar...........................................................................................................134
2. Veriliş Sebeblerine Göre . .............................................................................134
a. Mahlûl Dolayısiyle İlk V eriliş.............................................................................135
aa. Ölüm Dolayısiyle Boşalma . ..............................................................135
ab. Berat Sahibinin Feragatiyle B o şa lm a ...........................................................135
ac. Azil Dolayısiyle Verilenler............................................. . . . . 135
b. Tecdid .................................................................................................................................136
ba. Cülus Dolayısiyle .............................................................................................136
bb. Tahrir Dolayısiyle .............................................................................................136
bc. Kayıp D o la y ısiy le.............................................................................................137
3. Şekil Özelliği Gösteren Beratlar ..............................................................................137
a. M e n ş u r ...........................................................................................................................137
b. Mülknâme ....................................................................................................................137
c. Timar Beratı.........................................................................................................................138
d. Beylerbeyi Beratı . .....................................................................................139
C. BERAT VERİLME M UÂM ELESİ.............................................................................139
1. Beratın Hazırlanışı .........................................................................................................139
2. Beratın Teslimi ............................................................................................................140
D. ŞEKİL ÖZELLİKLERİ....................................................................................................140
1. Kullanılan K â ğ ıt la r ....................................................................................................140
2. Yazı ve Mürekkeb Cinsleri . .....................................................................141
3.Unvanına Ilatt-ı Hümâyûnlar.....................................................................................142
4. Der-kenarlar .........................................................................................................................142
5. Sahhü'1-vasl ...........................................................................................................................143
6-Süret Çıkarıldığı K a y d ı ...........................................................................................143
E. BERAT SAHTEKÂRLIKLARI .........................................................................................144
1. Sahte Beratlardan Ö r n e k le r ....................................... . . .....................................144
2. Sahte Berat Yazan ve Yazdıranlara Verilen Cezalar.......................................144
Sonuç .......................................................................................................................................144
III. N Â M E - İ H Ü M Â Y U N .............................................................................................145
A. RÜKÜNLERİ . . ' ............................................................................................................145
1. D a v e t ..............................................-.-—t ............................................ . . . 145
2. Tuğra . . . ^ ....................................................................................................148
3. Unvan . ....................................................................................................148
4.Elkabv ......................................'> * .................................................. , 149
5..Dua v ...................................................................................................................................152
* TCtyakil-İblâğ ...........................................................................................................................152
a. otiflûs . . . . . -v.*,. . . . ; . . . . . . . 153
b. S u l h ...................................................................................................................................153
c. Elçi G önderilm esi....................................................................................................153
d. Ticarî Konular...................................................................................................................153
e. Yardım T a l e b i ............................................................................................................154
7.Tenbih / Te’kid .............................................................................................................154
8..T a r i h ........................................................................................................................................155
9.Mahall-i Tahrir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
B. NÂME-İ HÜMÂYÛN ÇEŞİDLERİ . . . . . . . . . . . 155
1. Şekil Bakımından...........................................................................................................155
a. Tuğra B u lu n a n la r....................................................................................................155
b. İmza ve Mühr-i Hümâyûn Bulunanlar..............................................................155
2. Yazılış Sebebi B ak ım ın d an ..........................................................................................159
C. ŞEKİL ÖZELLİKLERİ....................................................................................................160
[.Kullanılan M a lz e m e ....................................................................................................160
a. Kağıt ....................................................................................................................................160
b. Yazı ....................................................................................................................................161
c. T e z h i b ............................................................................................................................161
2.Nâmenin Kabı . ....................................................................................................161
Sonuç . .......................................................................................................................................162
IV. A H İ D N Â M E -İ H Ü M Â Y U N / M U Â H E D E . . . . . 163
A. AHİDNÂME ............................................................................................................................163
1. R ükünleri...........................................................................................................................163
a. D a v e t.................................................................................................................................163
b. Tuğra ...................................................................................................................................164
c. Nişan Formülü .............................................................................................................164
d. Unvan ................................................................................................................................165
e. Nakil / D î b â ç e ................................................................................................................165
f. Ahidnâme M a d d e le r i.................................................................................................166
g. Te’k i d ............................................................................................................................166
h. Tarih ....................................................................................................................................167
i. Mahall-i T a h rir............................................................................................................167
2. Ahidnâme Cinsleri ve Hazırlanışı ...........................................................................167
3. Şekil Özellikleri .................................................................................................................168
a. K âğıt...................................................................................................................................168
b. Y a z ı ...................................................................................................................................168