OSA Handbook of Optics

1606 Pages·1994·17.459 MB·English

by  Bass M., et al. (eds.)

HANDBOOK OF
OPTICS
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HANDBOOK OF
OPTICS
Volume I
Fundamentals , Techniques ,
and Design
Second Edition
Sponsored by the
OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA
Michael Bass
Editor in Chief
The Center for Research and
Education in Optics and Lasers ( CREOL )
Uniy ersity of Central Florida
Orlando , Florida
Eric W . Van Stryland Associate Editor
The Center for Research and Education
in Optics and Lasers ( CREOL )
Uniy ersity of Central Florida
Orlando , Florida
David R . Williams Associate Editor
Center for Visual Science
Uniy ersity of Rochester
Rochester , New York
William L . Wolfe Associate Editor
Optical Sciences Center
Uniy ersity of Arizona
Tucson , Arizona
McGRAW-HILL , INC .
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Handbook of optics / sponsored by the Optical Society of America ;
Michael Bass , editor in chief . — 2nd ed .
p . cm .
Includes bibliographical references and index .
Contents : 1 . Fundamentals , techniques , and design — 2 . Devices ,
measurement , and properties .
ISBN 0-07-047740-X
1 . Optics—Handbooks , manuals , etc . 2 . Optical instruments—
Handbooks , manuals , etc . I . Bass , Michael . II . Optical Society
of America .
QC369 . H35 1995
535—dc20 94-19339
CIP
Copyright ÷ 1995 by McGraw-Hill , Inc . All rights reserved . Printed in the
United States of America . Except as permitted under the United States
Copyright Act of 1976 , no part of this publication may be reproduced or
distributed in any form or by any means , or stored in a data base or
retrieval system , without the prior written permission of the publisher .
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 DOC / DOC 9 0 9 8 7 6 5 4
ISBN 0-07-047740-7
The sponsoring editor for this book was Stephen S . Chapman , the editing
supervisor was Peggy Lamb , and the production supervisor was Pamela A .
Pelton . It was set in Times Roman by The Universities Press (Belfast) Ltd .
Printed and bound by R . R . Donnelly & Sons Company .
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CONTENTS
Contributors xvii
Preface xix
Glossary and Fundamental Constants x xi
Part 1 . Geometric Optics 1 .1
Chapter 1 . General Principles of Geometric Optics D ouglas S. Goodman 1 .3
1 . 1 . Glossary / 1 . 3
1 . 2 . Introduction / 1 . 7
1 . 3 . Fundamentals / 1 . 9
1 . 4 . Characteristic Functions / 1 . 1 5
1 . 5 . Rays in Heterogeneous Media / 1 . 2 0
1 . 6 . Conservation of Etendue / 1 . 2 4
1 . 7 . Skew Invariant / 1 . 2 5
1 . 8 . Refraction and Reflection at Interfaces Between Homogeneous Media / 1 . 2 6
1 . 9 . Imaging / 1 . 2 9
1 . 10 . Description of Systems of Revolution / 1 . 3 5
1 . 11 . Tracing Rays in Centered Systems of Spherical Surfaces / 1 . 3 9
1 . 12 . Paraxial Optics of Systems of Revolution / 1 . 4 1
1 . 13 . Images About Known Rays / 1 . 4 6
1 . 14 . Gaussian Lens Properties / 1 . 4 8
1 . 15 . Collineation / 1 . 6 0
1 . 16 . System Combination—Gaussian Properties / 1 . 6 8
1 . 17 . Paraxial Matrix Methods / 1 . 7 0
1 . 18 . Apertures , Pupils , Stops , Fields , and Related Matters / 1 . 8 0
1 . 18 . Geometric Aberrations of Point Images-ss-Description / 1 . 8 2
1 . 20 . References / 1 . 1 0 0
Part 2 . Physical Optics 2 .1
Chapter 2 . Interference John E. Greivenkamp , Jr. 2 .3
2 . 1 . Glossary / 2 . 3
2 . 2 . Introduction / 2 . 3
2 . 3 . Waves and Wavefronts / 2 . 3
2 . 4 . Interference / 2 . 5
2 . 5 . Interference by Wavefront Division / 2 . 1 4
2 . 6 . Interference by Amplitude Division / 2 . 1 9
2 . 7 . Multiple Beam Interference / 2 . 2 9
2 . 8 . Coherence and Interference / 2 . 3 6
2 . 9 . References / 2 . 4 3
v
vi CONTENTS
Chapter 3 . Diff raction A . S. Marathay 3 .1
3 . 1 . Glossary / 3 . 1
3 . 2 . Introduction / 3 . 1
3 . 3 . Light Waves / 3 . 2
3 . 4 . Huygens-Fresnel Construction / 3 . 4
3 . 5 . Cylindrical Wavefront / 3 . 1 3
3 . 6 . Mathematical Theory of Dif fraction / 3 . 1 9
3 . 7 . Vector Dif fraction / 3 . 2 7
3 . 8 . References / 3 . 3 0
Chapter 4 . Coherence Theory William H. Carter 4 .1
4 . 1 . Glossary / 4 . 1
4 . 2 . Introduction / 4 . 1
4 . 3 . Some Elementary Classical Concepts / 4 . 2
4 . 4 . Definitions of Coherence Functions / 4 . 4
4 . 5 . Model Sources / 4 . 9
4 . 6 . Propagation / 4 . 1 3
4 . 7 . Spectrum of Light / 4 . 2 0
4 . 8 . Polarization Ef fect / 4 . 2 3
4 . 9 . Applications / 4 . 2 3
4 . 10 . References / 4 . 2 5
Chapter 5 . Polarization J ean M. Bennett 5 .1
5 . 1 . Glossary / 5 . 1
5 . 1 . Basic Concepts and Conventions / 5 . 2
5 . 2 . Fresnel Equations / 5 . 4
5 . 3 . Basic Relations for Polarizers / 5 . 1 2
5 . 4 . Polarization by Nonnormal-Incidence Reflection (Pile of Plates) / 5 . 1 3
5 . 5 . Polarization by Nonnormal-Incidence Transmission (Pile of Plates) / 5 . 1 6
5 . 6 . Quarter-Wave Plates and Other Phase Retardation Plates / 5 . 2 2
5 . 7 . Matrix Methods for Computing Polarization / 5 . 2 5
5 . 8 . References / 5 . 2 8
Chapter 6 . Scattering by Particles C raig F. Bohren 6 .1
6 . 1 . Glossary / 6 . 1
6 . 2 . Introduction / 6 . 2
6 . 3 . Scattering : An Overview / 6 . 3
6 . 4 . Scattering by Particles : Basic Concepts and Terminology / 6 . 5
6 . 5 . Scattering by an Isotropic , Homogeneous Sphere : the Archetype / 6 . 1 2
6 . 6 . Scattering by Regular Particles / 6 . 1 5
6 . 7 . Computational Methods for Nonspherical Particles / 6 . 1 7
6 . 8 . References / 6 . 1 8
Chapter 7 . Surface Scattering E . L. Church and P. Z. Takacs 7 .1
7 . 1 . Glossary / 7 . 1
7 . 2 . Introduction / 7 . 1
7 . 3 . Notation / 7 . 2
7 . 4 . Scattering Theory / 7 . 3
7 . 5 . Surface Models / 7 . 5
CONTENTS vii
7 . 6 . Wavelength Scaling / 7 . 7
7 . 7 . Profile Measurements / 7 . 8
7 . 8 . Finish Specification / 7 . 1 1
7 . 9 . References / 7 . 1 2
Part 3 . Quantum Optics 8 .1
Chapter 8 . Optical Spectroscopy and Spectroscopic Lineshapes
Brian Henderson 8 .3
8 . 1 . Glossary / 8 . 3
8 . 2 . Introductory Comments / 8 . 4
8 . 3 . Theoretical Preliminaries / 8 . 5
8 . 4 . Rates of Spectroscopic Transitions / 8 . 6
8 . 5 . Lineshapes of Spectral Transitions / 8 . 8
8 . 6 . Spectroscopy of 1-Electron Atoms / 8 . 1 0
8 . 7 . Multielectron Atoms / 8 . 1 2
8 . 8 . Optical Spectra and the Outer Electronic Structure / 8 . 1 4
8 . 9 . Spectra of Tri-Positive Rare Earth Atoms / 8 . 1 5
8 . 10 . Vibrational and Rotational Ef fects of Molecules / 8 . 2 1
8 . 11 . Lineshapes in Solid State Spectroscopy / 8 . 2 5
8 . 12 . References / 8 . 3 0
Chapter 9 . Fundamental Optical Properties of Solids Alan Miller 9 .1
9 . 1 . Glossary / 9 . 1
9 . 2 . Introduction / 9 . 4
9 . 3 . Propagation of Lignt in Solids / 9 . 4
9 . 4 . Dispersion Relations / 9 . 1 3
9 . 5 . Lattice Interactions / 9 . 1 6
9 . 6 . Free Electron Properties / 9 . 1 9
9 . 7 . Band Structures and Interband Transitions / 9 . 2 4
9 . 8 . References / 9 . 3 3
Part 4 . Optical Sources 1 0. 1
Chapter 10 . Artificial Sources Anthony LaRocca 10 .3
10 . 1 . Glossary / 1 0 . 3
10 . 2 . Introduction / 1 0 . 3
10 . 3 . Laboratory Sources / 1 0 . 4
10 . 4 . Commercial Sources / 1 0 . 1 1
10 . 5 . References / 1 0 . 4 9
Chapter 11 . Lasers W illiam T. Silfvast 1 1. 1
11 . 1 . Glossary / 1 1 . 1
11 . 2 . Introduction / 1 1 . 2
11 . 3 . Laser Properties Associated with the Laser Gain Medium / 1 1 . 4
viii CONTENTS
11 . 4 . Laser Properties Associated with Optical Cavities or Resonators / 1 1 . 2 0
11 . 5 . Special Laser Cavities / 1 1 . 2 7
11 . 6 . Specific Types of Lasers / 1 1 . 3 2
11 . 7 . References / 1 1 . 3 9
Chapter 12 . Light-Emitting Diodes R oland H. Haitz, M. George Craford, and
Robert H. Weissman 12 .1
12 . 1 . Glossary / 1 2 . 1
12 . 2 . Introduction / 1 2 . 2
12 . 3 . Light-Generation Processes / 1 2 . 2
12 . 4 . Light Extraction / 1 2 . 7
12 . 5 . Device Structures / 1 2 . 8
12 . 6 . Materials Systems / 1 2 . 1 5
12 . 7 . Substrate Technology / 1 2 . 2 1
12 . 8 . Epitaxial Technology / 1 2 . 2 3
12 . 9 . Wafer Processing / 1 2 . 2 4
12 . 10 . LED Quality and Reliability / 1 2 . 2 7
12 . 11 . LED Based Products / 1 2 . 3 1
12 . 12 . References / 1 2 . 3 8
Chapter 13. Semiconductor Lasers Pamela L. Derry , Luis Figueroa, and
Chi - Shain Hong 13 .1
13 . 1 . Glossary / 1 3 . 1
13 . 2 . Introduction / 1 3 . 3
13 . 3 . Applications for Semiconductor Lasers / 1 3 . 3
13 . 4 . Basic Operation / 1 3 . 4
13 . 5 . Fabrication and Configurations / 1 3 . 7
13 . 6 . Quantum Well Lasers / 1 3 . 1 0
13 . 7 . High-Power Semiconductor Lasers / 1 3 . 1 9
13 . 8 . High-Speed Modulation / 1 3 . 3 2
13 . 9 . Spectral Properties / 1 3 . 3 9
13 . 10 . Surface-Emitting Lasers / 1 3 . 4 2
13 . 11 . Conclusion / 1 3 . 4 6
13 . 12 . References / 1 3 . 4 7
Chapter 14. Ultrashort Laser Sources X in Miao Zhao and Jean -C laude Diels 1 4. 1
14 . 1 . Glossary / 1 4 . 1
14 . 2 . Introduction / 1 4 . 2
14 . 3 . Passively Mode-Locked Lasers / 1 4 . 2
14 . 4 . Synchronous , Hybrid , and Double Mode Locking / 1 4 . 7
14 . 5 . Active and Passive Negative Feedback / 1 4 . 1 1
14 . 6 . Nonlinear Optical Sources / 1 4 . 1 2
14 . 7 . Additive and Self-Mode-Locking / 1 4 . 1 4
14 . 8 . Other Ultrashort Pulse Sources / 1 4 . 1 8
14 . 9 . Amplification / 1 4 . 2 1
14 . 10 . Diagnostic Techniques / 1 4 . 2 2
14 . 11 . References / 1 4 . 2 5
CONTENTS ix
Part 5 . Optical Detectors 1 5. 1
Chapter 15 . Photodetectors P aul R. Norton 1 5. 3
15 . 1 . Scope / 1 5 . 3
15 . 2 . Thermal Detectors / 1 5 . 4
15 . 3 . Quantum Detectors / 1 5 . 5
15 . 4 . Definitions / 1 5 . 8
15 . 5 . Detector Performance and Sensitivity / 1 5 . 1 1
15 . 6 . Other Performance Parameters / 1 5 . 1 5
15 . 7 . Detector Performance / 1 5 . 1 9
15 . 8 . References / 1 5 . 1 0 0
Chapter 16 . Photodetection A bhay M. Joshi and Gregory H. Olsen 1 6. 1
16 . 1 . Glossary / 1 6 . 1
16 . 2 . Introduction / 1 6 . 2
16 . 3 . Principles of Operation / 1 6 . 3
16 . 4 . Applications / 1 6 . 1 2
16 . 5 . Reliability / 1 6 . 1 3
16 . 6 . Future Photodetectors / 1 6 . 1 6
16 . 7 . Acknowledgment / 1 6 . 1 9
16 . 8 . References / 1 6 . 1 9
Chapter 17 . High-Speed Photodetectors J . E. Bowers and Y. G. Wey 1 7. 1
17 . 1 . Glossary / 1 7 . 1
17 . 2 . Introduction / 1 7 . 3
17 . 3 . Photodetector Structures / 1 7 . 3
17 . 4 . Speed Limitations / 1 7 . 6
17 . 5 . PIN Photodetectors / 1 7 . 1 1
17 . 6 . Schottky Photodiode / 1 7 . 1 7
17 . 7 . Avalanche Photodetectors / 1 7 . 1 9
17 . 8 . Photoconductors / 1 7 . 2 2
17 . 9 . Summary / 1 7 . 2 5
17 . 10 . References / 1 7 . 2 6
Chapter 18. Signal Detection and Analysis John R. Willison 1 8. 1
18 . 1 . Glossary / 1 8 . 1
18 . 2 . Introduction / 1 8 . 1
18 . 3 . Prototype Experiment / 1 8 . 2
18 . 4 . Noise Sources / 1 8 . 3
18 . 5 . Applications Using Photomultipliers / 1 8 . 7
18 . 6 . Amplifiers / 1 8 . 1 1
18 . 7 . Signal Analysis / 1 8 . 1 3
18 . 8 . References / 1 8 . 1 6
Chapter 19 . Thermal Detectors W illiam L. Wolfe and Paul W. Kruse 1 9. 1
19 . 1 . Glossary / 1 9 . 1
19 . 2 . Thermal Detector Elements / 1 9 . 1
19 . 3 . Arrays / 1 9 . 8
19 . 4 . References / 1 9 . 1 3