Orwell in Context: Communities, Myths, Values PDF
Preview Orwell in Context: Communities, Myths, Values
Orwell in Context This page intentionally left blank Orwell in Context Communities, Myths, Values Ben Clarke ©BenClarke2007 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2007 978-0-230-51769-1 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noparagraphofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, 90TottenhamCourtRoad,LondonW1T4LP. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorisedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorhasassertedhisrighttobeidentified astheauthorofthisworkinaccordancewiththeCopyright, DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2007by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN Houndmills,Basingstoke,HampshireRG216XSand 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,N.Y.10010 Companiesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld PALGRAVEMACMILLANistheglobalacademicimprintofthePalgrave MacmillandivisionofSt.Martin’sPress,LLCandofPalgraveMacmillanLtd. Macmillan(cid:2)isaregisteredtrademarkintheUnitedStates,UnitedKingdom andothercountries.PalgraveisaregisteredtrademarkintheEuropean Unionandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-35535-8 ISBN 978-0-230-59112-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230591127 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Clarke,BenjaminJames,1977(cid:3) Orwellincontext:communities,myths,values/byBenClarke. p. cm. Originallypresentedastheauthor’sthesis(Ph.D.-Oxford). Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. 1. Orwell,George,1903(cid:3)1950“Criticismandinterpretation. 2. Orwell,George,1903(cid:3)1950“Politicalandsocialviews. 3. Politics andliterature“GreatBritain“History“20thcentury. 4. Socialclasses inliterature. 5. Sexroleinliterature. 6. Nationalismin literature. 7. Nationalcharacteristics,English,inliterature. 8. Politicalfiction,English“Historyandcriticism. I. Title. PR6029.R8Z6192007 828’.91209“dc22 2007060027 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 For Lyn and Carl This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgements viii NoteonText ix Introduction 1 1 Class 13 2 Gender 63 3 TheoriesofNationalism 98 4 Englishness 124 5 Totalitarianism 147 Conclusion 166 Notes 174 SelectedBibliography 206 Index 222 vii Acknowledgements This book began as a doctoral thesis, which I wrote at Oxford under the supervision of John Carey and, following his retirement, DavidBradshaw.Iamgratefultobothfortheirhelpandguidance.Iam alsoindebtedtotheA.H.R.B.,ExeterCollege,andtoallthoseinOxford whoofferedadviceandsupport,loveandfriendship.Myfinalyearwas a particular pleasure, and I imagine few people have found writing up soenjoyable. JamesHowarthhasbeeninvolvedwiththisprojectsinceitsinception almost ten years ago and has helped at every stage. Robert Eaglestone gave me invaluable advice on turning my thesis into a book and patiently worked through the various versions of my proposal, whilst the reader for Palgrave provided guidance on restructuring the text. I am grateful to Helena Feder for many things, including her help and supportwhilstIwasrewritingthebookinitsfinalform.PaulaKennedy, Christabel Scaife and Geetha Naren have been kind and efficient in guidingmethroughthepublicationprocess. Chapter4wasfirstpublishedas‘OrwellandEnglishness’intheReview ofEnglishStudies,volume57,number228,pp.83–105.Iamgratefulto theeditorsforpermissiontorepublishithere.QuotationsfromOrwell’s Collected Works are used by permission of Bill Hamilton as the Literary Executor of the Estate of the Late Sonia Brownell Orwell and Secker & WarburgLtd.ExcerptsfromTheCollectedEssays,JournalismandLettersof GeorgeOrwell,VolumesI–IVV,copyright©1968bySoniaBrownellOrwell and renewed 1996 by Mark Hamilton, are reprinted by permission of Harcourt,Inc. viii Note on Text All references to Orwell letters, journalism and essays in this book are takenfromPeterDavison’sedition,TheCompleteWorksofGeorgeOrwell (London:Secker&Warburg,1997–8).Incontrasttoreferencestoother works, these are given in brackets in the text, rather than in endnotes. Theformatusedforthefirstreferencetoaparticularentryis: (VolumeNumber:PageRange:PageReference) Areferencetothefirstpageofthearticle‘CharlesDickens’,forexample, reprinted on pages 20 to 57 of the twelfth volume, A Patriot After All, wouldthusbegivenas(12:20–57:20).Infuturereferencesthepagerange is omitted, although the volume number is repeated where it is felt this would help the reader in locating the article. For obvious reasons, no page range is given where an article occupies only a single page. ReferencestoOrwell’snovelsanddocumentarystudies,publishedinthe firstninevolumesofTheCompleteWorks,aregiveninendnotes. ix
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