Orthopedic Traumatology PDF
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Orthopedic Traumatology An Evidence-Based Approach Second Edition Manish K. Sethi William T. Obremskey A. Alex Jahangir Editors 123 Orthopedic Traumatology Manish K. Sethi • William T. Obremskey A. Alex Jahangir Editors Thomas J. Iorio • Michelle S. Shen Basem Attum Associate Editors Orthopedic Traumatology An Evidence-Based Approach Second Edition Editors Manish K. Sethi, MD William T. Obremskey, MD, MPH, MMHC Department of Orthopedics Department of Orthopedics Vanderbilt University Medical Center Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN, USA Nashville, TN, USA A. Alex Jahangir, MD, MMHC Department of Orthopedics Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN, USA Associate Editors Thomas J. Iorio, BS Michelle S. Shen, BA Department of Orthopedic Surgery Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation and Rehabilitation Vanderbilt University Medical Center Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN, USA Nashville, TN, USA Basem Attum, MD, MS Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, TN, USA Section Editors Mohit Bhandari, MD, PhD, FRCSC Mitchel B. Harris, MD, FACS Division of Orthopedic Surgery Department of Orthopedic Surgery McMaster University Brigham and Women’s Hospital Hamilton, ON, Canada Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA Michael David McKee, MD, FRCS(C) Division of Orthopedics, Department of Surgery Cory A. Collinge, MD St. Michael’s Hospital, University of Toronto Department of Orthopedic Surgery Toronto, ON, Canada and Rehabilitation Vanderbilt University Medical Center Paul Tornetta III, MD Nashville, TN, USA Department of Orthopedic Surgery Boston Medical Center Roy Sanders, MD Boston, MA, USA University of South Florida Department of Orthopedics Andrew H. Schmidt, MD Florida Orthopedic Institute Department of Orthopedic Surgery Tampa General Hospital Hennepin County Medical Center Journal of Orthopedic Trauma Department of Orthopedic Surgery Tampa, FL, USA Unviersity of Minnesota Minneapolis, MN, USA ISBN 978-3-319-73391-3 ISBN 978-3-319-73392-0 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73392-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018932331 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2013, 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Foreword When I wrote the foreword to the first edition of Orthopedic Traumatology: An Evidence-Based Approach in late 2011, I emphasized the progress in the orthopedic trauma community toward using, on a routine basis, the highest levels of evidence on which to base treatment decisions. The first edition of Orthopedic Traumatology has proven to fulfill that need as our community moves away from expert opinion in the form of standard textbook writing and toward aggregation of the highest levels of evidence. Not everything in ortho- pedic trauma surgery is able to be studied with randomized trials, as many injuries are of low incidence such that well-done cohort studies are going to be the highest level of evidence available on which to base our treatment deci- sions in the long run. However, the editors of the first edition – Drs. Sethi, Jahangir, and Obremskey – and the chapter authors provided the roadmap of level 1 and level 2 evidence for the most common conditions in orthopedic traumatology. This approach has proven to be extremely useful, with over 17,000 downloads of this compilation. In this second edition, the editors – now Drs. Sethi, Obremskey, and Jahangir – decided to add chapters on four new conditions that are relatively common. This includes chapters on elbow fracture dislocation, hip-pelvis- femoral neck fracture combination in younger patients, mid-foot fractures, and acute infection. These chapters all represent useful additions to the com- pendium. All chapter authors have performed extensive and broad-reaching literature reviews to identify any high-level evidence that has been published since the first edition. The result is a book which is very useful for teaching and, more impor- tantly, for making individual treatment decisions and for developing proto- cols for use in trauma centers. These highly committed and compulsive editors and authors have done a yeoman’s work in providing these collections of the highest level of evidence. I recommend this second edition with great enthusiasm, as it is the continued fulfillment of our migration toward evidence-b ased orthopedic trauma surgery for patient care. Minneapolis, MN, USA Marc Swiontkowski v Preface As medicine makes a transition from volume to value, the need for evidence- based practice is of even greater importance. We undertook the process of creating this book to help residents, fellows, and practicing orthopedic sur- geons understand the principles on which medical decisions are made and to provide them with a reference that explains the data and thought processes of leaders in orthopedic trauma patient care. Many “HOW” books are available on surgical technique. This book was designed and intended to be a “WHY” book that would help clinicians understand and make evidence-based deci- sions on patient care. We thank our many chapter authors – who are thought leaders and excel- lent clinicians – for their astute evaluation of the literature and clear commu- nication of treatment options. The response and distribution of the first edition of this evidence-based book were so great that we felt compelled to provide a second edition. We hope this second edition continues the work started by the first edition to improve the knowledge depth of clinicians and the quality of care for patients. Nashville, TN, USA Manish K. Sethi, MD William T. Obremskey, MD, MMHC, MPH A. Alex Jahangir, MD, MMHC vii Contents Part I Evidence-Based Medicine in Orthopedic Trauma Surgery Mohit Bhandari 1 Introduction to Evidence-Based Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Clary J. Foote, Mark Phillips, and Mohit Bhandari Part II Spine Trauma Mitchel B. Harris 2 Cervical Spine Clearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Daniel G. Tobert and Mitchel B. Harris 3 Cervical Spine Fracture- Dislocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Kevin R. O’Neill, Michelle S. Shen, Jesse E. Bible, and Clinton J. Devin 4 Lumbar Burst Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Daniel G. Tobert and Mitchel B. Harris Part III Upper Extremity Trauma Michael David McKee 5 Scapula Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Peter A. Cole and Lisa K. Schroder 6 Clavicle Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Brian L. Seeto and Michael David McKee 7 Proximal Humerus Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Erik A. Lund and Paul S. Whiting 8 Humeral Shaft Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Basem Attum, Diana G. Douleh, William T. Obremskey, Bill Ristevski, and Jeremy A. Hall 9 Distal Humerus Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Lee M. Reichel, Andrew Jawa, and David Ring ix x Contents 10 Elbow Fracture Dislocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Chad M. Corrigan, Clay A. Spitler, and Basem Attum 11 Distal Radius Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Cameron T. Atkinson, Michelle S. Shen, Samuel A. Trenner, Philipp N. Streubel, and Jeffry T. Watson Part IV Acetabular, Hip, and Pelvic Trauma Cory A. Collinge 12 Acetabular Fractures in the Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 John C. Weinlein, Edward A. Perez, Matthew I. Rudloff, and James L. Guyton 13 Pelvic Ring Injury I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Rita E. Baumgartner, Damien G. Billow, and Steven A. Olson 14 Pelvic Ring Injury II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Matthew D. Karam, Adam Keith Lee, and David C. Templeman 15 Femoral Neck Fractures in the Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 David Polga and Robert T. Trousdale 16 Intertrochanteric Femur Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Hassan R. Mir 17 Femoral Neck Fractures in the Young Patient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Cory A. Collinge Part V Lower Extremity Trauma Paul Tornetta III 18 Diaphyseal Femur Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Paul S. Whiting, Obioma V. Amajoyi, and Manish K. Sethi 19 Distal Femur Fractures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 William M. Ricci, A. Alex Jahangir, and Christopher D. Parks 20 Knee Dislocations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Mahesh Kumar Yarlagadda, Frank R. Avilucea, Samuel Neil Crosby Jr, Manish K. Sethi, and William T. Obremskey 21 Tibial Plateau Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Jodi Siegel and Paul Tornetta III 22 Closed Diaphyseal Tibia Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Michel A. Taylor, Marlis T. Sabo, and David W. Sanders 23 Open Diaphyseal Tibia Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287 Scott P. Ryan, Christina L. Boulton, and Robert V. O’Toole Contents xi Part VI Foot and Ankle Trauma Roy Sanders 24 Pilon Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 Basem Attum, Vamshi Gajari, David P. Barei, and A. Alex Jahangir 25 Trimalleolar Ankle Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Conor Kleweno and Edward K. Rodriguez 26 Calcaneus Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335 Richard Buckley and Theodoros H. Tosounidis 27 Talus Fractures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Hassan R. Mir and Roy Sanders 28 Lisfranc Injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 Basem Attum, Moses Adebayo, and A. Alex Jahangir Part VII Polytrauma, Infection, and Perioperative Management of the Orthopedic Trauma Patient Andrew H. Schmidt 29 Timing of Treatment in the Multiply Injured Patient . . . . . . . . 367 Kevin D. Phelps, Laurence B. Kempton, and Michael J. Bosse 30 DVT Prophylaxis in Orthopedic Trauma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 Keith D. Baldwin, Surena Namdari, Jeffrey Zhao, and Samir Mehta 31 The Infected Tibial Nail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 Megan A. Brady, Seth A. Cooper, and Brendan M. Patterson 32 Perioperative Optimization in Orthopedic Trauma . . . . . . . . . 405 Jesse M. Ehrenfeld and Michael C. Lubrano 33 Management of Acute Postoperative Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 Frank R. Avilucea Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429 Contributors Moses Adebayo, MD Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA Obioma V. Amajoyi, MD Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, University of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison, WI, USA Cameron T. Atkinson, MD Arlington Orthopedic Associates, Arlington, TX, USA Basem Attum, MD, MS Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA Frank R. Avilucea, MD Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Orthopedic Trauma, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA Keith D. Baldwin, MD Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Orthopedics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA David P. Barei, MD, FRCSC Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Department of Orthopedics, Seattle, WA, USA Rita E. Baumgartner, MD Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA Mohit Bhandari, MD, PhD, FRCSC Division of Orthopedic Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada Jesse E. Bible, MD, MHS Department of Orthopedics, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA Damien G. Billow, MD Department of Orthopedics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA Michael J. Bosse, MD Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, NC, USA Christina L. Boulton, MD Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Arizona – Banner University Medical Center, Tucson, AZ, USA Megan A. Brady, MD Iowa Methodist Medical Center, Des Moines Orthopedic Surgeons, West Des Moines, IA, USA xiii
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