Orthopaedic Biomechanics Made Easy PDF
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Orthopaedic Biomechanics Made Easy Orthopaedic Biomechanics Made Easy Sheraz S. Malik, MRCS, MSc trust-graderegistrarinorthopaedics,NewhamUniversityHospital,BartsHealthcare NHSTrust,UK Shahbaz S. Malik, MRCS, MSc specialtyregistrarinorthopaedics,WestMidlandsDeanery,UK UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthe pursuitofeducation,learningandresearchatthehighestinternational levelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107685468 ©SherazS.MalikandShahbazS.Malik2015 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2015 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyTJInternationalLtd.PadstowCornwall AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloguinginPublicationdata Malik,SherazS.,author. Orthopaedicbiomechanicsmadeeasy/SherazS.Malik,ShahbazS.Malik. p.;cm. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-107-68546-8(Paperback) I. Malik,ShahbazS.,author. II. Title. [DNLM: 1. MusculoskeletalPhysiologicalPhenomena. 2. Orthopedics–physiology. 3. BiomechanicalPhenomena.WE102] QP303 612.706–dc23 2014021240 ISBN978-1-107-68546-8Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtoin thispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsites is,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. ................................................................................................... Everyefforthasbeenmadeinpreparingthisbooktoprovideaccurateand up-to-dateinformationwhichisinaccordwithacceptedstandardsand practiceatthetimeofpublication.Althoughcasehistoriesaredrawnfrom actualcases,everyefforthasbeenmadetodisguisetheidentitiesofthe individualsinvolved.Nevertheless,theauthors,editorsandpublisherscan makenowarrantiesthattheinformationcontainedhereinistotallyfree fromerror,notleastbecauseclinicalstandardsareconstantlychanging throughresearchandregulation.Theauthors,editorsandpublishers thereforedisclaimallliabilityfordirectorconsequentialdamagesresulting fromtheuseofmaterialcontainedinthisbook.Readersarestrongly advisedtopaycarefulattentiontoinformationprovidedbythe manufacturerofanydrugsorequipmentthattheyplantouse. ToourparentsMuhammadS.MalikandShahnazAkhtar fortheirprayersandblessings,andshowingusthevalue ofeducationwhetherbeingtaughtorteachingothers,and toourbrother,ShahzadS.Malik,forbeingthereforus. SherazS.Malik AlsotomywifeNadia,forherendlesspatience. ShahbazS.Malik CONTENTS Contributors [pageix] Preface [xi] Acknowledgements [xii] PartI: Orthopaedicbiomaterialsandtheir Torsion [58] properties Materialandgeometricpropertiesoflongbones [60] 4. Biomechanics of fracture [62] 1. Introduction to orthopaedic Fundamentalsoffracture [62] biomechanics [2] Mechanismofbonefracture [64] Introductiontoorthopaedicbiomechanics [2] PatternsofbonefracturesI [66] Force [4] PatternsofbonefracturesII [68] Momentofaforce [6] PatternsofbonefracturesIII [70] Staticanalysis [8] Stressraisers [72] Staticanalysisappliedtothemusculoskeletalsystem [10] Corrosion [74] Simplemachine [12] Biologicalprocessofbonefracturehealing [76] Simplemachinesinthemusculoskeletalsystem [14] Biomechanicalprocessofbonefracturehealing [78] Stressandstrain [16] Stress–straincurve [18] 5. Biotribology [80] Mechanicalproperties [20] Introductiontobiotribology [80] Viscoelasticpropertiesofmaterials [22] Friction [82] Wear [84] 2. Orthopaedic biomaterials and their LubricationI [86] properties [24] LubricationII [88] Structureandpropertiesofmaterials [24] Lubricationofsynovialjoints [90] Metals [26] Lubricationofprostheticjoints [92] Alloys [28] Metalsinorthopaedics [30] Ceramics [32] PartIII: Clinicalbiomechanics Ceramicsinorthopaedics [34] Polymers [36] 6. Biomechanics of the hip and total hip Polymersinorthopaedics [38] replacement [96] Composites [40] Axesofthelowerlimbs [96] Compositesinorthopaedics [42] HipjointreactionforceI [98] BoneI [44] HipjointreactionforceII [100] BoneII [46] Totalhipreplacement:cementedfixation [102] Totalhipreplacement:cementlessfixation [104] Totalhipreplacement:designandalignmentof PartII: Engineeringtheoryappliedto components [106] orthopaedics Totalhipreplacement:femoralheadsize [108] Totalhipreplacement:bearingsurfaces [110] 3. Modes of loading in the musculoskeletal 7. Biomechanics of the knee and total knee system [50] replacement [112] Introduction [50] Compressionandtension [52] Knee:functionalanatomyI [112] BendingI [54] Knee:functionalanatomyII [114] BendingII [56] Knee:flexion–extensionarc [116] vii CONTENTS Kneejointreactionforce [118] 12. Biomechanics of fracture fixation [158] Totalkneereplacement:designofcomponentsI [120] Introductiontofracturefixation [158] Totalkneereplacement:designofcomponentsII [122] Cast [164] Totalkneereplacement:alignmentofcomponents [124] Wires [166] SurgicalscrewI [168] 8. Biomechanics of the shoulder [126] SurgicalscrewII [170] Shoulder:functionalanatomyI [126] PlatefixationI [172] Shoulder:functionalanatomyII [128] PlatefixationII [174] Shoulderjointreactionforce [130] IntramedullarynailI [176] Shoulderreplacement [132] IntramedullarynailII [178] Reversedshoulderreplacement [134] ExternalfixationI [180] 9. Biomechanics of the elbow [136] ExternalfixationII [182] Elbow:functionalanatomy [136] ExternalfixationIII [184] Stabilisersoftheelbow [138] 13. Trauma meeting: case-based Elbowjointreactionforce [140] discussions [186] 10. Biomechanics of the spine [142] Mechanicsoftraumameeting [186] BiomechanicsofspinalcomponentsI [142] Fracturesofthemiddlethirdofclavicle [188] BiomechanicsofspinalcomponentsII [144] Fracturesoftheproximalhumerus [190] Stabilityofthespinalcolumn [146] Fracturesofthemid-shaftofhumerus [192] Theloadsactingonthespinalcolumn [148] Intra-articularfracturesofdistalhumerus [194] Distalradiusfractures [196] 11. Biomechanics of the ankle and Intertrochantericfracturesoftheproximalfemur [198] foot [150] Fracturesofdistalthirdoftibia [200] Theanklejoint [150] Pilonfractures [202] Totalanklereplacement [152] Anklefractures [204] Threerockersofnormalgait [154] Thefoot [156] Index [207] viii
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