Orthodoxy and the Courts in Late Antiquity PDF
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ORTHODOXY AND THE COURTS IN LATE ANTIQUITY This page intentionally left blank Orthodoxy and the Courts in Late Antiquity CAROLINE HUMFRESS 1 1 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwidein Oxford NewYork Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto Withofficesin Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore SouthKorea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress intheUKandincertainothercountries PublishedintheUnitedStates byOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork CarolineHumfress2007 Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker) Firstpublished2007 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress, orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate reprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproduction outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment, OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover andyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Dataavailable TypesetbyLaserwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai,India PrintedinGreatBritain onacid-freepaperby BiddlesLtd,King’sLynn,Norfolk ISBN978–0–19–820841–9 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 ForMacSamuelBradleyandEdwardJackHayden,inmemory oftheirmuchlovedGrandad. This page intentionally left blank Preface It is the aim of this book to explore theremarkable culture of forensic argumentation that flourished during late antiquity, rather than the intellectualsystemofRomanlawperse.Whilstmyresearchhasfocused primarily on the later Roman Empire, I hope that legal historians, theologians, and medievalists alike might find the arguments in this book of interest. The project began its formal life as a doctoral thesis at St John’s College, Cambridge, supervised by Peter Stein in its first year, and then by Peter Garnsey; submitted under the literal, rather thanchic,designation:‘ForensicPracticeintheDevelopmentofRoman andEcclesiasticalLawinLateAntiquity,withSpecialReferencetothe Prosecution of Heresy.’ I owe the incomparably more elegant title of themonographtoJillHarries,withgratitude.Thegermoftheideafor thedoctoralthesisinfacttookholdduringasupervisiononStAugustine with George Garnett, held during the Lent term of my first year as an undergraduate, under an apple (as opposed to a fig) tree. The present bookhas preserved essentiallythesame structureandlineofargument as thedoctoralthesis,but thetext itself hasbeen rewrittenextensively, partlyinordertomakecertainrevisionsandmodificationsinthelight of important recent scholarship (as noted in the Introduction below), butalsobecausemyownintellectualperspectiveshave,orsoitseemsto meatleast,broadenedconsiderablyoverthelastsixyears. First I would like to thankPeterGarnsey for hiswisdom, guidance, andunfailingconvictionthatthisresearchwouldfinallyseethelightof day as a published volume; he also valiantly read and critiqued drafts atallstagesoftheproject.MyPh.D.examiners,HenryChadwickand DavidJohnston,mademanyinsightfulandconstructivecommentsthat havehelpedtoshapemyideas;mythanksalsototheformerforgently enquiring,wheneverwemet,‘andthebook,Caroline?’.ProfessorJohn Crook generously read my doctoral thesis and I am indebted to his razor-sharp observations and constructive criticisms, which on certain occasions caused me to entirelyrethinkthe directionof my argument. Jill Harries kindly identified herself to me as an initial reader of my manuscript for OUP, and my thanks to her also for her subsequent encouragementand intellectualstimulation.Theunstintinggenerosity ofProfessorLuigiCapogrossiColognesimaderepeatedresearchtripsto viii Preface Romea joy. I am also indebtedtoPasquale Rosafio forhis intellectual insightandwarmfriendship,sharedinRomeandCambridgealike. IwouldalsoliketoexpressmygratitudetothefellowsofQueens’Col- lege,Cambridge,StJohn’sCollege,Cambridge,StCatherine’sCollege, Oxford,andtheBritishAcademyfortheirsupport,alongsidetheelec- torsandcommitteeoftheCarlyleFellowshipintheHistoryofPolitical ThoughtattheUniversityofOxford.Ialsooweadeepdebtofgratitude to my former colleagues and students in the Department of Rhetoric andFilmStudies,UniversityofBerkeleyatCalifornia,andinparticular toDavidCohen.TomycolleaguesandstudentsatBirkbeck,mysincere thanksforprovidingsuchawarmandintellectuallystimulatingresearch environment. Sincere thanks also to the staff of the Edoardo Volterra Collection,housedbyL’E´coleFranc¸aisedeRome,whereIhadthegood fortune to find much of the continental research that has formed my intellectual approach here, and in addition to the staff of Cambridge University Library, the Bodleian Library, Oxford, and the Robbins Collection at the Law School in Berkeley. Thanks are due to so many others for discussion, help and support, gratefully received, including: John Arnold, Mark Bevir, Daniel Boyarin, Brendan Bradshaw, Averil Cameron, Gillian Clark, Simon Corcoran, David D’Avray, Catharine Edwards,KarenGray,JoseHarris,MatthewInnes,NeilMcLynn,Fer- gusMillar,LanceMillar,MagnusRyan,PaulStephenson,andShannon Stimson. I have explored a number of arguments relating to this book inconferences,seminars, andlecturesatCambridge, Oxford,London, Leeds,Bristol,Sydney,Berkeley,Princeton,Washington,DC,Vancou- ver,Paris,andRome—myideashave,asaresult,benefitedenormously. I am also grateful to Ruth Parr, who commissioned this book as an editoratOUP,andtoRupertCousensandSethCayleywhoguidedthe manuscript through its final stages. I hope it goes without saying that remainingerrorsandoversightsareallmyown. Finally, Iwish totakethisopportunitytorecordmyprofounddebt ofgratitudetomyhusbandandallmyfamily,inparticulartomydearly loved Mum and sister, and to those who are no longer with us: Enid Humfress, William Fullerton Humfress, Carole Hurst, Bridget Hurst, James William Hurst, and my Father, Eric Humfress. Their love and encouragementisstillfelt,everyday. Contents Abbreviations xi Introduction 1 I. FORENSIC PRACTITIONERS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF LATE ROMAN LAW 1. IntroductionandBackground 9 2. LitigationandLateRomanJudges 29 3. LegalExpertsandtheLateRomanCourts 62 4. LateRomanAdvocates 93 II. FORENSIC PRACTITIONERS IN THE SERVICE OF THE LATE ANTIQUE CHURCH 5. IntroductionandBackground 135 6. EcclesiasticsasForensicPractitioners 153 7. ForensicExpertiseandtheDevelopmentofEarly‘Canon Law’ 196 III. ORTHODOXY, HERESY, AND THE COURTS 8. DefiningHeresyandOrthodoxy 217 9. HeresyandtheCourts 243 10. Conclusion 269 AppendixI. AdvocatesintheEasternEmpire 273
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