Orthodontics: Current Principles and Techniques

928 Pages·2016·2.09 MB·English

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ORTHODONTICS
CURRENT PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES
SIXTH EDITION
Lee W. Graber, DDS, MS, MS, PhD Robert L. Vanarsdall, Jr., DDS
Katherine W.L. Vig, BDS, MS, D Orth, FDS RCS Greg J. Huang, DMD, MSD, MPH
ORTHODONTICS
CURRENT PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES
SIXTH EDITION
Lee W. Graber, Robert L. Vanarsdall Jr.,
DDS, MS, MS, PhD DDS
Secretary General, World Federation of Orthodontists Professor and Chair Emeritus
Past President, American Association of Orthodontists Department of Orthodontics
Past President, World Federation of Orthodontists School of Dental Medicine
Private Practice, Glenview and Vernon Hills, IL University of Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, PA
Katherine W.L. Vig,
BDS, MS, D Orth, FDS RCS
Greg J. Huang,
Othodontic Faculty, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, DMD, MSD, MPH
Boston, MA Professor and Chair
Professor Emeritus and Former Chair of Orthodontics Department of Orthodontics
The Ohio State University, College of Dentistry, OH School of Dentistry
Past President, American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association University of Washington
Seattle, WA
3251 Riverport Lane
St. Louis, Missouri 63043
ORTHODONTICS: CURRENT PRINCIPLES AND TECHNIQUES,
SIXTH EDITION ISBN: 978-0-323-37832-1
Copyright © 2017 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our
understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and
using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or
methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they
have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most
current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be
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contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of
their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and
to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liabil-
ity for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise,
or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Previous editions copyrighted 2012, 2005, 2000, 1994, 1985
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Graber, Lee W., editor. | Vanarsdall, Robert L., editor. | Vig,
Katherine W. L., editor. | Huang, Greg J., editor.
Title: Orthodontics : current principles and techniques / [edited by] Lee W.
Graber , D.D.S., M.S., M.S., Ph.D., President, American Association of
Orthodontists, Past President, World Federation of Orthodontists, Private
Practice, Vernon Hills, IL, Robert L. Vanarsdall Jr, DDS, Professor and
Chair, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Katherine W.L. Vig, BDS, MS,
D Orth, FDS RCS, Professor Emeritus and Former Chair of Orthodontics, The
Ohio State University, College of Dentistry, Past President, American
Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association, Greg J. Huang, DMD, MSD, MPH,
Professor and Chair, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Washington.
University of Washington.
Description: Sixth edition. | St. Louis, Missouri : Elsevier, [2017] |
Revison of: Orthodontics / Thomas M. Graber, Brainerd F. Swain. 1985. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016027994 (print) | LCCN 2016028815 (ebook) | ISBN
9780323378321 (hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780323444323 (Online)
Subjects: LCSH: Orthodontics.
Classification: LCC RK521 .G673 2017 (print) | LCC RK521 (ebook) | DDC
617.6/43–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016027994
Content Strategist: Kathy Falk
Associate Content Development Specialist: Laura Klein
Content Development Manager: Jolynn Gower
Publishing Services Manager: Hema Rajendrababu
Project Manager: Srividhya Vidhyashankar
Design Direction: Ashley Miner
Printed in United States of America
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
DEDICATION:
TO ORTHODONTIC EDUCATORS AND RESIDENTS
Every text that is conceived, written and published starts with person has no right to be other than a continuous student.”
a purpose. Although this is the sixth edition of Orthodon- The focus of the authors and editors who participated in the
tics: Current Principles and Techniques, the concept of this 1969 orthodontic text—and those who now do so in what is the
multi-authored graduate level textbook started in the late eight iteration1 has remained the same. We want to support
1960’s with work that culminated in the 1969 publication of orthodontic educators, the residents they teach and the “con-
Current Orthodontic Concepts and Techniques. Why do a grad- tinuous students” orthodontic specialists must become.
uate level textbook? The answer was very simple: The principal With these thoughts as a background, it is to the educators
editor and author Tom Graber, when interviewed later in life and the orthodontic residents of the past, present and future we
said it best—“There was a need.” “The need” was defined by a wish to dedicate the sixth edition. They embody the purpose of
widely held perception that there was a lack of supportive ma- this text, because it is from their efforts our supportive science
terials for clinicians teaching in orthodontic specialty education and clinical practice has grown and on their shoulders that rides
programs. Indeed, many of those who served as instructors and the future development of our dental specialty.
lecturers were private practice clinicians with little or no back-
ground in professional education. 1This is the sixth edition of the current series, with the title of the
textbook and publisher changed in 1985. The first edition of the cur-
The authors sought to provide a vehicle for educators to meld rent series was the third for the text and included a change in title and
the then existing scientific basis of orthodontics with clinical publisher.
practices in a manner that could be universally used. Course Pictures shown are from top row left: Edward H. Angle and the Class
outlines that followed the textbook chapters as well as support- of 1900 of the Angle School of Orthodontia, from American Journal
of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 148:2, cover, 2015;
ive slides were made available to help good clinicians become
Charles H. Tweed (glasses and bow tie) demonstrating patient at
better teachers. A secondary but no less important goal for
1940’s meeting (courtesy Rolf G. Behrents); Lysle E. Johnston lecturing
the textbook was to provide an organized platform by which
to residents on cephalometrics (courtesy Rolf G. Behrents); Robert L.
practicing orthodontists could be updated on current concepts
Vanarsdall lecturing to residents on three dimensional imaging, 2016.
within the specialty. Tom Graber championed the need for con- Bottom picture is of resident attendees and faculty at the Graduate
tinuing professional education and often cited G.V. Black, the Orthodontic Residents Program outside the American Association of
father of modern dentistry, who had stated, “The professional Orthodontists building, St. Louis, 2015 (courtesy Rolf G. Behrents).
v
L I S T O F C O N T R I B U TO R S
Adrian Becker, BDS, LDS, DDO Stella Chaushu, DMD, PhD Hakan El, DDS, PhD
Clinical Associate Professor Emeritus Professor and Chair Associate Professor
Orthodontics Orthodontics Orthodontics
Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Hacettepe University
Dental Medicine Dental Medicine Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
Jerusalem, Israel Jerusalem, Israel
Theodore Eliades, DDS, MS, Dr Med Sci,
Erika Benavides, DDS, PhD Peter D. Chemello, DDS PhD, FIMMM, FRSC, FInstP
Clinical Associate Professor Private practice, Northwest Oral and Professor and Director
Periodontics and Oral Medicine Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry,
University of Michigan Arlington Heights, Illinois Center of Dental Medicine
Ann Arbor, Michigan University of Zurich
Clark D. Colville, DDS, MS Zurich, Switzerland
Philip Edward Benson, PhD FDS (Orth) Assistant Clinical Professor
Professor of Orthodontics Orthodontics Norah Lisa Flannigan, BDS, MDETSCI,
Academic Unit of Oral Health and University of Texas School of PhD, MFDSRCPS MORTHRCS, FDS
Development, School of Clinical Dentistry Dentistry (ORTH), RCS
University of Sheffield Houston, Texas Senior Lecturer
Sheffield, United Kingdom Clinical Advisory Board Orthodontics
Invisalign The University of Liverpool
Ignacio Blasi, Jr., DDS, MS
Santa Clara, California Liverpool, England
Diplomate, American Board of Orthodontics Honorary Consultant
Private practice Hali Dale, HON.B.Sc, DDS Orthodontics
Tysons Corner, Virginia Diplomate, American Board of Orthodontics Liverpool University Dental Hospital
Private Practice Liverpool, England
Charles J. Burstone, DMD, MS, PhD†
Toronto, Ontario
Professor, Emeritus Thomas M. Graber†, DMD, MSD, PhD,
Orthodontics Jack G. Dale†, BA, DDS OdontDr, DSc, ScD, MD, FDSRCS (Eng)
University of Connecticut Health Center
Postdoctoral Fellowship in Director, Kenilworth Dental Research
Farmington, Connecticut
Orthodontics Foundation
Harvard University Clinical Professor, Orthodontics, University
Peter H. Buschang, PhD
Cambridge, Massachusetts of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
Regents Professor & Director of Orthodontic
Associate Professor Former Professor and Chair, Section
Research
Faculty of Toronto of Orthodontics, Pritzker School of
Orthodontics
Toronto, Canada Medicine, University of Chicago,
Texas A&M University Baylor College of
Chairman Chicago, Illinois
Dentistry
Charles H. Tweed Foundation Former Editor-in-Chief, World Journal of
Dallas, Texas
Tucson, Arizona Orthodontics
Private Practice Editor-in-Chief Emeritus, American
Tamer Büyükyilmaz, DDS, MSD, PhD
Toronto, Canada Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial
Private practice
Orthopedics
Adana, Turkey
Dwight Damon, DDS, MSD
Private practice Dan Grauer, DDS, PhD
David S. Carlson, PhD
Spokane, Washington Assistant Professor
Regents Professor
Orthodontics
Biomedical Sciences
M. Ali Darendeliler, BDS, PhD, Dip Orth, University of Southern California
Texas A&M University Baylor College of
Certif Orth, Priv. Doc, MRACDS (Ortho), Los Angeles, California
Dentistry
FICD Private Practice
Dallas, Texas
Professor and Chair Santa Monica, California
Lucia Cevidanes, DDS, MS, PhD Orthodontics
Assistant Professor University of Sydney
Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry Sydney, NSW, AUS
University of Michigan Head of Department
Ann Arbor, Michigan Orthodontics
Oral Health Services and Sydney Dental
Hospital, Sydney LHD
Sydney, Australia
† Deceased.
vi
List of Contributors vii
Nigel W.T. Harradine, BDS, MB BS, Jung Kook Kim, DDS, MS, PhD James A. McNamara, Jr., DDS, MS, Phd
LMCC, FDS RCS (London), FDS RCS Adjunct Associate Professor Thomas M and Doris Graber Professor
(Edin), MSc (Orth) Department of Orthodontics Emeritus
Senior Clinical Lecturer School of Dental Medicine University of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School
Child Dental Health Pennsylvania of Dentistry
University of Bristol Philadelphia, Pennsylvania The University of Michigan
Bristol, United Kingdom Clinical Professor Ann Arbor, Michigan
Consultant Orthodontist Department of Orthodontics Professor Emeritus
Child Dental Health College of Dentistry Yonsei University Cell and Developmental Biology, School of
Bristol Dental Hospital Seoul, South Korea Medicine
Bristol, United Kingdom The University of Michigan
Herbert A. Klontz, DDS, BA, MS Ann Arbor, Michigan
James Kennedy Hartsfield, Jr., DMD, MS, Clinical Associate Professor Research Professor Emeritus
MMSc, PhD Orthodontics Center for Human Growth and Development
Professor and E. Preston Hicks Endowed College of Dentistry University of Michigan
Chair in Orthodontics and Oral Health University of Oklahoma Ann Arbor, Michigan
Research Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Oral Health Science Ann M. Mercado, DMD, MS, PhD
University of Kentucky College of Dentistry Jong Suk Lee, DDS, MS, PhD Clinical Assistant Professor
Lexington, Kentucky Adjunct Assistant Professor Orthodontics
Adjunct Professor of Orthodontics and Oral Orthodontics Ohio State University
Facial Genetics School of Dental Medicine Columbus, Ohio
Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics University of Pennsylvania Member of Medical Staff
Indiana University School of Dentistry Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Dentistry
Indianapolis, Indiana Clinical Professor Nationwide Children’s Hospital
Adjunct Professor of Medical and Molecular Orthodontics Columbus, Ohio
Genetics College of Dentistry Yonsei University
Medical and Molecular Genetics Seoul, South Korea Lorri Ann Morford, PhD
Indiana University School of Medicine Research Assistant Professor; Supervisor,
Indianapolis, Indiana Robert M. Little, DDS, MSD, PhD Genetics/Genomics Core of the University
Adjunct Clinical Professor of Orthodontics Professor Emeritus of Kentucky Center for the Biologic Basis
Orthodontics Orthodontics of Oral/Systemic Diseases
University of Illinois University of Washington Oral Health Science
Chicago, Illinois Seattle, Washington University of Kentucky College of
Dentistry
Nan E. Hatch, DMD, PhD John B. Ludlow, DDS, MS, FDS RCSEd Lexington, Kentucky
Associate Professor of Dentistry Adjunct Professor
Lysle E Johnston, Jr. Collegiate Professor of Diagnostic Sciences David Musich, DDS, MS
Orthodontics University of North Carolina Clinical Professor
Chair, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry Chapel Hill, North Carolina Orthodontics
University of Michigan University of Pennsylvania School of Dental
Ann Arbor, Michigan Laurie McNamara McClatchey, DDS, MS Medicine
Adjunct Clinical Assistant Professor of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Sarandeep S. Huja, DDS, PhD Dentistry
Professor and Division Chief, Orthodontics Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Tung Nguyen, DMD, MS
and Director of Graduate Studies, Dentistry School of Dentistry Associate Professor
College of Dentistry, Division of Orthodontics University of Michigan Orthodontics
University of Kentucky Ann Arbor, Michigan University of North Carolina
Lexington, Kentucky Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Donald R. Joondeph, BS, DDS, MS Jeffrey P. Okeson, DMD
Professor Emeritus and Former Chair Professor and Chief, Division of Orofacial
Orthodontics Pain
University of Washington Oral Health Science
Seattle, Washington University of Kentucky College of Dentistry
Lexington, Kentucky
viii List of Contributors
Juan Martin Palomo, DDS, MSD W. Eugene Roberts, DDS, PhD, DHC Iosif B. Sifakakis, DDS, MS, Dr Dent
Professor, Director of Orthodontic (Med) Lecturer
Residency, Director of Craniofacial Professor Emeritus of Orthodontics, Orthodontics
Imaging Center and Adjunct Professor of Mechanical School of Dentistry, National and
Orthodontics Engineering Kapodistrian University of Athens
Case Western Reserve University Orthodontics and Mechanical Engineering Athens, Greece
Cleveland, Ohio Indiana University and Purdue University at
Indianapolis Raffaele Spena
Leena Bahl Palomo, DDS, MSD Indianapolis, Indiana Adjunct Associate Professor
Associate Professor, Director of DMD Visiting Professor of Orthodontics Orthodontics
Periodontics Orthodontics Università di Ferrara
Periodontics Loma Linda University, School of Dentistry Ferrara, Italy
Case Western Reserve University Loma Linda, California
Cleveland, Ohio Kingman P. Strohl, MD
Antonio Carlos de Oliveira Ruellas, DDS, Professor of Medicine, Physiology &
David E. Paquette, DDS MS MSD PhD Biophysics, and Oncology
Faculty, Clinical Orthodontics Associate Professor Case Western Reserve University School of
St. Louis University Orthodontics Medicine
St. Louis, Missouri Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Cleveland, Ohio
Clinical Advisory Board Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Sleep Center Director
Invisalign Visiting Researcher University Hospitals Case Medical Center
Santa Clara, California Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry Cleveland, Ohio
University of Michigan Director Sleep Disorders Program
Young - Chel Park, DDS, PhD Ann Arbor, Michigan Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center
Professor Emeritus Cleveland, Ohio
Department of Orthodontics Rohit ChamanLal Sachdeva, BDS,
College of Dentistry, Yonsei University M Dent Sc Zongyang Sun, DDS, MS, PhD
Seoul, Korea Co-Founder and Former Chief Clinical Associate Professor
Director, Private Clinic Officer Orthodontics
Orthodontics Orametrix, Inc. The Ohio State University College of Dentistry
Yonsei Beautiful Friend Orthodontic Richardson, Texas Columbus, Ohio
Center
Seoul, Korea Glenn T. Sameshima, DDS PhD Birgit Thilander, Odont Dr (PhD), Med
Associate Professor and Chair Dr (hc), Dr Odont (hc)
Dubravko Pavlin, DMD, MSD, PhD Orthodontics Professor Emeritus
Professor and Program Director Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry Orthodontics
Orthodontics University of Southern California Institute of Odontology, Sahlgrenska Academy
University of Texas Health Science Center Los Angeles, California University of Gothenburg
San Antonio
San Antonio, Texas David M. Sarver, DMD, MS Patrick K. Turley, DDS, MSD Med
Adjunct Professor Professor Emeritus and former Chair
William R. Proffit, DDS, PhD Orthodontics Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry
Professor Emeritus and formerly Kenan University of North Carolina School of Dentistry
Distinguished Professor Chapel Hill, North Carolina University of California at Los Angeles
Department of Orthodontics Adjunct Clinical Professor Los Angeles, California
University of North Carolina Orthodontics Private practice Manhattan Beach, CA
School of Dentistry UAB School of Dentistry
Chapel Hill, North Carolina Birmingham, Alabama Patricia Turley, DDS
Private practice, pediatric dentistry
Jorge A. Ayala Puente, DDS Antonino G. Secchi, DMD, MS Manhatten Beach, California
FACE Diplomate, American Board of Orthodontics
Cirujano Dentista Former Clinical Assistant Professor of David L. Turpin, DDS, MSD
Specialist in Orthodontics Orthodontics Moore/Riedel Professor
Santiago, Chile University of Pennsylvania Orthodontics
Private Practice School of Dentistry
Devon, Pennsylvania University of Washington
Seattle, Washington