Orphans and Vulnerable Children - CRIN

391 Pages·2005·5.46 MB·English

Guide to Mobilising and Strengthening
Community-Led Care for
Orphans and
Vulnerable Children
HIV/AIDS Hope Initiative
This guide is intended to provide useful tools for individuals and organisations
seeking to mobilise and strengthen community-led care for orphans and
vulnerable children (OVC). It is based on an OVC programming strategy
developed by World Vision, an international Christian relief and development
organisation.
In line with global best practice, World Vision’s OVC programming strategy
focuses on strengthening family and community care for OVC, primarily
through support of community care coalitions (CCCs) that bring
together churches and other faith-based organisations, government, local
business, traditional structures, and other NGOs. Building on efforts already
underway in the community, these coalitions support home visitors:
women and men who volunteer to take responsibility for identifying,
monitoring, assisting, and protecting OVC. CCCs facilitate both
co-ordination and expansion of OVC responses within the community.
The guide is composed of two units. Unit 1 is a resource for mobilisers
of community-led OVC care using the CCC strategy. Unit 2 is a resource
for facilitators who lead training to equip CCCs and their home visitors to
provide effective, sustainable care for OVC.
The guide was developed through World Vision’s HIV/AIDS Hope Initiative,
working to expand and enhance responses to HIV/AIDS in the nearly 100
countries where World Vision works around the world.
Guide to Mobilising and Strengthening
Community-Led Care for
Orphans and
Vulnerable Children
HIV/AIDS Hope Initiative
Copyright © World Vision International, 2005
All contents of this toolkit are copyright © World Vision International, 2005.
All rights reserved.
Portions of the toolkit may be reproduced with written permission from World Vision
International. For more information, email [email protected].
Acknowledgements
The Guide to Mobilising and Strengthening Community-Led Care for Orphans and Vulnerable Children
has been developed by the Models of Learning programme, the research and development arm
of World Vision’s global HIV/AIDS Hope Initiative. This document has evolved through more than
a year of field-testing and review, beginning in late 2003.
Special thanks is due to the OVC specialists on the Models of Learning team, Grace Mayanja and
Faith Ngoma, who authored the initial version of the guide in response to the need expressed by
World Vision field staff and community partners. Sincere gratitude is also owed to the World Vision
staff and community care coalition members in Mozambique, Uganda, and Zambia with whom the
Models of Learning team worked to pilot the guide.
We are grateful to consultants Deborah Forbes and Michele Gaudrault, who revised the guide based
on the learnings of this pilot process and produced a review draft for the Bangkok International AIDS
Conference in July 2004. We very much appreciate the input of the more than forty World Vision
national HIV/AIDS co-ordinators and regional HIV/AIDS staff from across Africa who reviewed the
guide in September 2004 and made excellent recommendations for further refinement. We also wish
to thank the participants in the World Vision Africa regional OVC training of trainers workshop in
November 2004 for their guidance on additional improvements needed.
We are indebted to the South Africa-based team of consultants managed by Neil Verlaque-Napper
for their excellent work on a tight production schedule to finalise the guide for publication.
Sincere thanks to team member Alastair Findlay for his illustrations throughout the guide and on
the cover, as well as to team member Gill McDowell for her work to design, format, and edit this
version of the guide.
We gratefully acknowledge the following Models of Learning staff for their contributions to the
development of the guide: Namposya Chitanika, Angela Mubangizi, Kennedy Nkwemu, Maurice Sepiso,
David Serukka, and Richard Wamimbi. Models of Learning director Mark Lorey’s leadership of the
overall compilation, refinement, and production of this guide is appreciated. Finally, we offer thanks
to World Vision Africa HIV/AIDS director Martha Newsome and World Vision Africa communications
director Nigel Marsh for their ongoing support and wise counsel.
This guide will continually evolve as additional experience is gained and new lessons are learned.
Input is welcomed and appreciated. Please send comments and suggestions to the Models of Learning
programme: [email protected].
Ken Casey
Special Representative to the World Vision International President
HIV/AIDS Hope Initiative
2005
Acronyms
ADP Area Development Programme
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
BCC Behavioural Change Communication
CA Correspondence Analyst
CBO Community-Based Organisation
CCC Community Care Coalition
CCF Community Care Facilitator
CDF Community Development Facilitator
CRS Customer Relations Services
FBO Faith-Based Organisation
FGD Focus Group Discussion
GIK Gift in Kind
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
IEC Information, Education and Communication
IGAs Income Generating Activities
LC Local Council
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation
OVC Orphans and Vulnerable Children
PLWHA People Living with HIV/AIDS
PMTCT Prevention of Mother To Child Transmission
PSS Psychosocial Support
PTA Parents and Teachers Association
SMART Specific Measurable Attainable Relevant Time-Bound
STI Sexually Transmitted Infection
SWOT Strength Weaknesses Opportunities Threats
TB Tuberculosis
ToT Training of Trainers
UNAIDS Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
UPE Universal Primary Education
WV World Vision
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
UNIT I - Mobilising Community-Led Care for OVC:
A Guide for Mobilisers
Module 1: Overview of the Mobilisation Process
Introduction 5
Stage 1: Preliminary Institutional Mapping 6
Stage 2: Community Stakeholders’ Meeting 8
Stage 3: Forming a Community Care Coalition (CCC) 10
Stage 4: Action Planning 11
Stage 5: Training Community Care CoalitionMembers 13
Stage 6: Identifying OVC 14
Stage 7: Identifying Home Visitors 15
Stage 8: Training Home Visitors 16
Stage 9: Supporting Home Visitors 17
Stage 10: Monitoring and Reporting 18
Stage 11: Mobilising Resources 20
Module 2: Detailed Instructions for the Mobiliser
Introduction 21
Step 1: Preliminary Institutional Mapping 22
Step 2: First Community Stakeholders’ Meeting: Assessing the OVC Situation 27
Step 3: Second Community Stakeholders’ Meeting: Forming a Community
Care Coalition (CCC) 35
Step 4: Action Planning 40
Step 5: Monitoring and Reporting 45
UNIT 2 - Strengthening Community-Led Care for OVC:
A Guide for Facilitators
Facilitator’s Guidelines
Background Information 51
Part 1: The Key Issues of Training 53
Part 2: The Seven Steps of Planning 59
Part 3: Running the Training Programme 71
Part 3: Sample Training Agenda 83
Module 1: HIV/AIDS and the Situation of OVC
Topic 1: Basic Information on HIV/AIDS 87
- Activity 1: What are HIV and AIDS? 89
- Activity 2: Modes of HIV Transmission - Facts and Misconceptions 90
- Activity 3: Preventing HIV Infection 92
- Activity 4: HIV Self-Risk Assessment Quiz 93
- Activity 5: General Trends in HIV/AIDS Infection 94
- Activity 6: Preparing for Home Visits: Information on HIV/AIDS 95
Topic 2: The Impact of HIV/AIDS 97
- Activity 1: The Definition of Psychological and Socio-Economic 99
- Activity 2: The Psychological and Socio-Economic Impact of
HIV/AIDS on Children, Families and Communities 100
Topic 3: National Frameworks for Supporting OVC 103
- Activity 1: National OVC Policy 105
- Activity 2: Government Strategies and Responsibilities 106
- Activity 3: Other Stakeholder Responsibilities 108
- Activity 4: The Seven Components of OVC Support 111
- Activity 5: CCCs and OVC Support 113
- Activity 6: Preparing for Home Visits: Elements of OVC Support 114
Topic 4: Children’s Rights and How They Apply to the Care of OVC 115
- Activity 1: What are Children’s Rights? 116
- Activity 2: Categories of Children’s Rights 118
- Activity 3: Abuse of Children’s Rights: Forms, Causes and
Consequences 120
- Activity 4: The Sexual Abuse of Children 123
- Activity 5: Protecting Children 125
- Activity 6: Preparing for Home Visits: Monitoring for Signs of Child
Abuse 126
Topic 5: The Implications of Gender-Based Roles for OVC 127
- Activity 1: The Gender Roles of Girls and Boys 129
- Activity 2: The Advantages and Disadvantages of Gender-Based Roles 131
- Activity 3: Strategies to Overcome Gender-Based Discrimination 133
- Activity 4: Preparing for Home Visits: Gender Awareness 135
- Activity 5: Review of the Home Visitor’s Handbook 136
Module 2: Addressing the Psychosocial and Spiritual Needs of OVC
and Their Caregivers
Topic 1: The Different Needs of OVC 137
- Activity 1: The Different Needs of Children 139
- Activity 2: How Children React to Unmet Needs 141
- Activity 3: Problems Experienced by OVC in the Community 142
- Activity 4: Preparing for Home Visits: OVC Needs 144
Topic 2: Psychosocial Support for OVC 145
- Activity 1: What is Psychosocial Support? 147
- Activity 2: What Psychosocial Support is Being Provided to OVC? 148
Topic 3: The Stages of Development and Understanding in Children 149
- Activity 1: Growth, Development and Change in Children 151
- Activity 2: Indicators of Development in Children 153
- Activity 3: Theories of Age and Understanding in Children 155
- Activity 4: Environmental Factors in Children’s Development 157
- Activity 5: The Community’s Role in Children’s Development 159
- Activity 6: Preparing for Home Visits: Child Development 160
Topic 4: Counselling and Communicating with OVC 163
- Activity 1: The Characteristics of a Children 165
- Activity 2: How Children Communicate 166
- Activity 3: Effective Methods for Communicating with Children 168
- Activity 4: The Do’s and Don’ts of Communicating with Children 171
- Activity 5: Practising Effective Communication 173
Topic 5: Accompanying OVC through Grief and Bereavement 175
- Activity 1: Grief and Loss 177
- Activity 2: The Signs and Symptoms of Grief 179
- Activity 3: The Understanding of Death at Different Ages 180
- Activity 4: Preparing Children for Death in the Family 181
- Activity 5: Support Strategies to help Grieving Children 183
Topic 6: Using Play in Counselling Children 185
- Activity 1: Why is Play Important for Children? 187
- Activity 2: Play as an Indicator of a Child’s Well-Being 188
- Activity 3: Methods for Using Play in Counselling Children 190
Topic 7: Spiritual Care for Orphans and Vulnerable Children 191
- Activity 1: Signs of Spiritual Problems in Children 193
- Activity 2: Signs of Spiritual Health in Children 194
- Activity 3: Strategies for the Spiritual Care of OVC 195
Topic 8: Support for Caregivers 197
- Activity 1: Enhancing Self-Awareness in Caregivers 199
- Activity 2: The Tree of Life 200
- Activity 3: Me Drawings 201
- Activity 4: Me Boxes 202
- Activity 5: Support Groups 203
- Activity 6: Review of the Home Visitor’s Handbook 204
Module 3: Addressing the Physical Needs of OVC
Topic 1: Food Security for OVC 205
- Activity 1: The Meaning of Food Security 207
- Activity 2: Threats to the Food Security of OVC 208
- Activity 3: Community Initiatives to Enhance Food Security for OVC 209
- Activity 4: Preparing for Home Visits: Food Security and OVC 210
Topic 2: Improving the Nutrition of OVC and Those Affected by HIV/AIDS 213
- Activity 1: The Meaning of Nutrition 215
- Activity 2: Identifying Important Foods 216
- Activity 3: Nutritional Support for Children with HIV or Those Born
to HIV Positive Mothers 218
- Activity 4: Nutritional Support for HIV Positive Pregnant Women
and Breastfeeding Mothers 221
- Activity 5: Nutritional Support for Adults Living with HIV/AIDS 222
- Activity 6: The Causes and Effects of Poor Nutrition 223
- Activity 7: Steps to Help Malnourished OVC 224
- Activity 8: Preparing for Home Visits: Nutritional Information 225
Topic 3: Monitoring the Health of Orphans and Vulnerable Children 227
- Activity 1: Basic Healthcare and the Needs of OVC 229
- Activity 2: Immunisation 231
- Activity 3: Common Diseases that Affect Children 233
- Activity 4: Barriers to Healthcare and Ways to Ensure Access 235
- Activity 5: Basic Hygiene Practices 236
- Activity 6: Access to Sanitation and Safe Water 239
- Activity 7: Sexual and Reproductive Health 240
- Activity 8: Preparing for Home Visits: Monitoring the Health of OVC 241
- Activity 9: Review of the Home Visitor’s Handbook 242