Ornithopter designs from old magazines Проекты Орнитоптеров из старых журналов

2022·8.9 MB·English

by  Павел Петрович Попельский

Vo. XOX Whole No.
ee APRIL, 1960 4s

SCIENCE and

SCIENCE and Be MECHANICS

Supercharger f ON pivmoDie

* Valiant ae es
New Booti fail '60 Convert Your Car to any Fuel................ 81 aye wise

Free-Form “Tree House” for Kids............. 85 PD, URBAIN

Concrete “Umbrella” Homes Seo eee
35¢- APRIL E Slash Maintenance Casts a

8. G. DAVIS JOEL DAVIS
oiehor Aslerant Publhor

Cockpit Report on the Thermoplastic Tape for Instant Home Movies.
° Solar-Volt Electronic Supercharger
First Fold-Gear Cessna a Produc! Test. en

4 3 CURT JOHNSON
Draftsmen Crawl Around on Drawing Board ... 93 Hendiaet Pie

ing the Newest Compacts............... 94 Sane

Scientists “Anchor” Flame to Solve Jet Comribuing Eaters
and Missile Problems THOMAS A. BLANCHARD

First Photo of Pollo Virus Inside Human Cell... ee OC FALY
Flight-Testing the New Cessna 210 yea
Parade of New Patents. wees ervey e
“Firefly” Rocket Would Fight Blazes. WAROLD P, STRAND
Giant Earth Packer Speeds Highway Bi At MMA
Man-Made “Lightning” Farms Metals...

Make *Em Toe the Dotted Line... .

Man-Powered Airplanes Are Coming

Map Shows YOUR Town's Rust Rate.

Portable Dust Hood for Lab Work

New Generator Has No Moving Parts. .
Performance Report on the Valiant.
Robol Stethoscope.

New Tools for Workshops.

Special Boat Section

What's New in Boating
Home-Built Hydrofoils, Part 2..

Free Bluctrint Mo. t

3-OCTAVE, 120-BASS CHORD ORGAN....... 130

Bonus Blueprint Ho. 2
INSTANT-ACTION == a
PORTABLE TAPE RECORDER... ech lO: pct
sermict mo utcuavacs BB

(continued 02 page 4) | 450 kon ohie Sree chicepe 1, Mines

| Fold-Up Vacation Trailer Sleeps Six 2 Sees Sueeies

Complete plans in this issue:
|
|
|

by its i

Sappingewing
This ornithop-

3¢-£00T SPAN OVERAL:, VOMO-SPAR,
Fasaic-cOveReD ARTICN-ATED
\VASIABL E NCIDENCE WINGS —

BALL BEARING
FRONT HINGES.

RUDDER AND ELEVATOR
GoNTROLS MOUNTED
Sk iscoFLAPeIN

‘ACTURTOR ARUS

thowgh? fo be the first Might
jor made by & meshanieal bird, Nex! step is gm attempt to keep the,

craft airborne,
MuLTiPc® RuEBER:
ATHORMAL SI Be
TOFULL winss OouN INTHE

INITIAL STAGES OF “HE
DOWNFLAP ACTION

‘HREE inventors—working in Great Bi

in—have stolen a march on our tockel-

age desisners. They are working on what

could be the first really successful man-pow-
ered airezaft,

One of the planes, a genuine, wing-Happing
mechanical bird, has begun testing at a jet
sumway near London. At preseal, it is not ex-
pected to take off by itself, but has been
towed off the ground before making test
flights,

‘The other two experimental cratt are pedal-
planes, powered by bieyele-like mechanisms
which drive propeilor

The Man-Powered Aircraft Groug of the
Royal Aeronautical Society in Londen has
been keeping a close watch on all three proj-
ects. Matpownirg, «3 the group is termed,
believes the novel planes will he successful

106

‘SLIDING *EDALS CON ECTED TO FLExIHL £
CABLES PULL W NCS ODMH IN UNISON
FORLIFT, NDEPENDENT.Y FORLATERAL CONTROL

DOWNRLAP CABLE

sage Town
STRUTS POSE
WINGS UP:

even though previous attempts, dating back
to Arne! €a Vinci same 450 years ago,
failed.

Manpowairg bases its optimism on the large
body of knowledge about fight principles
built up in the past 60-0dd years. Da Vinei
and others, including the legendary Tearus
who flew tov close to the sun with his waxed
and feathered wings, did not have this back-
log of experience to draw on. Nor were suita-
ble Kghtweight materials available for con-
struction,

In addition, studies have been made to de-
termine just how much “horsepower” a man
can develop to drive such craft.

Dr. D. R. Wilkic of the department. of
physiology University College, London
(and a Manpowairg member), says a man
can generate enough power so that “practi-

Scirnce any Mec

nes

‘the Hartman ornithopter took two

yeors to build, Mere, the 39-year-old inventor shows how the hands

stip the carlike hondls which operate wings and oho mount rudder
‘und slevetor controls,

FUEXOLE TRAILING ence
“reatHehes” MOVE DUAN
Foape NG Ker ON OVARY
InMaDENCE OF THE winiGs
FUL FLAPONG NGF IGHT

= BALL BEANS REAR HINGES,

BUDDER,

— *S2hv0" TARE EASE.
ELEVATOR ACTION

Cetoway drawing of Harman ernthopter shows, com

tien detail, loventor expetinented with Soar leet to

loys, then settled on tonventfonal lider materials, The

protolype modal weighs 282 lbs. ampry, bit an tha hay
ry

chanical bird will be sami-carobati
‘experimaniing with cagins-pewered ernlthepters.

powered. il mors powerful than orme.
Here's how ornithopter is powered. Pilot's feat do most of the werk, since lege cre more p
Rubber bonds ore tensioned fo hold wings in horizontal position normally, but help to pull them downward os
pilot slrotches his arms ond legs (A), “Lazy tongs” strufs aid upward wing movement (8).

Arm, 1960 107
cal_man-powered flight is possible.”

He found that a 175-Ib. man can develop
about 4/10 horsepower for five to 30 minutes
at such tasks as rowing, bicycling or climbing.

By calculating the power needed to fly,
using as his basis the great bustard bird
which weighs about 30 lbs., Dr. Wilkie showed
on a graph that the 4/10 horcepower should
be sufficient for 2 man to fly. It should also be
noted that the wing-ilepper being tested
Figs. 1-4) is designed so rubber bands and
“lazy tongs” supplement the pilot’s muscles

The two-man pedal-pline (see Fig. 5B) is
being built by a team of enthusiasts headed
by T. R. F. Nonweiler, senior lecturer in
aeronautical engineering at Queen's Univer
sity of Dublin, Ireland. It echoes Dr. Wilkic's
belief that wings built for two men probably
&re more immediately practical.

The other pedal-prop plane is a venture
by Daniel Perkins, an experimental officer
with the Cardington Balloon Rescarch Sta-
tion of the British Ministry of Aviation.

inte prop rotation, The plane has en inflated,
ft. rubber wing and weighs enly 74 lbs. Pilot moves
ali

Wingspan is 60 fi
‘and empty weight about 150 lbs. Toke-off for both
‘raft may be aided by rum down long ramp er hill

108

‘Screncs axp Mzcrianics

“Firefly” Rocket Would Fight Blazes

OMEDAY soon this a
guided missile—

called the Firefly—

might be used to knock

out blazes at the push

‘of a button.

Tt would be launched
Lke a rocket, ‘Then,
guided electronically
from the ground, it
would fly anywhere
within five miles in 40
seconds. Nearing the

2, it would convert
into a helicopter and
hover while its radar
and electronic sensing
devices locate the
blaze, determine
size and send this i
formation to the re-
mote operator. He
eould then flip a switch
to spray up loa ton of
extinguishing liquid,

Research engineers who are working on
Firefly at Solar Aircraft Co, San Diego,
Calif., say no new technology is needed to
make the missile operational, It could be
built merely by perfecting existing equip-

hovering and spraying extinguisher to control
iad of fight, rotor blades would lock back to

surfaces. It would convert to ‘copter by unlocking rotors end fring
‘up small rocket motors in each rater blade tip.

ment and systems. Although the missile could
be adapted for almost any firefighting use, it
probably will be used mainly at airfelds,
where it could be tied in with conventional
firefighting equipment.

Giant Earth Packer Speeds Highway Building

| Pads giant, self-propelled earth packer can
travel in either direction without turning
around—thus speeding up the building of
roads, dams or other lange construction proj
ects.

Similar in appearance to the old-time steam
roller, it has hundreds of fiat circular “feet”
which grind down the earth to make a solid

foundation.

Each of its four rollers is powered from
within by a dc electric motor geared to the
inside rim, Power for the motors comes from
two generators, driven by a 420-hp diesel en-
gine. The now, 45-ton machine, called Power
Packer, is built by R. G. Leournesu, Inc,
Longview, Tex.

Fits otop new warth peckor in a revalving sect which—along with panel of
either direction, Rollers can mave backward ond forward over a given area at the rate of about 300 ‘pm,

‘Scusce aw Mectraxtes
| MECHANIX
ILLUSTRATED

KANGAROO BOMB! CARRIES FIGHTER IN ITS POUCH
First Color Photos of New Jet Trapeze Plane

volame 41

number 2

nechanix illustrated _____june 15

Cover Photos By Rudy Arcold

special features

Should We’
By Lester De

Fire—Origin Unknown
By Richard Demperolff

New In Science a7

Flap Your Wings—And Fly 66
By Frook Tinsley

Money-Making Idea—Our Business Went
To Pottery .. 70

By Arthur Bernstein ond Hermon Curroa
Monorailroad Train—Jet-Powered . 72
4

By Emile C, Schurmacher
‘The Plane On The Flying Trapeze’ 1%
Cardboard Engineer ... 78

This Month's Prize Gadget—Beer-Can
Firefighter 9

World's Largest Tanker 80
Helicopter Loops The Loop . a1

MI Tests The ‘49 Pontiac . 82
By Tom MeCetill

MI Tests The ‘49 Dodge
By Tom MeCobill

Atom Bombs For Sale—Se
New For The Home
New For The Sportsman

Nothing To Hunt? Try Varminting
By Reymond Comp

Hobby Hall of Fame—Thomas L. Thomas

New On The Road

Your invention Clinic . .

Editor's Workbench . oa
(continued on page &)

A Favcett Publication

right 1987 by Fawcett
icatlon, Ince

WMO PAWCETT Jee oo President
ROGER FAWCETT... . General Manager
eaten oaIGH. diverol Director

WOLUAM L PARKER 6. 5 ite

FEATURE Starr

‘ounce pause
aRTuR UNGEE News Editor

LARRY EISINGER Crafts & Hobbies Eater
ROBERT SRIGHIMAN . Phetopraphy Kalter
JOHN G.KINGOON . . . Booting Editor

ar state

FRANK ATAGGART . 5. «An Editor

JEAN C. MEW tn Charge of Production

MEMBER AUDIT BUREAU
‘OF CIRCULATIONS.

Mechanix Illustrated
E'VE mastered the mysteries of stationary-wing flight . . . the
Wright brothers did that, Cierva showed us how to fly with a
rotating wing .. . he gave us the helicopter. Now we are on the verge
of solving the most intriguing problem of all: flapping-wing flight.
Experiments by Adam J. Stolzenberger, a young engineer at the Air
Forces research center at Wright Field, Dayton, O., are pointing the way.
Stolzenberger, a wartime pilot of gliders and bombers, is working on
plane vibration’ for the Aircraft Laboratories at the field to find out
what causes the uncontrollable flutter that often rips apart wing tips
tail surfaces at high speeds. While studying these destructive vibra-
tions, he had a flash of inspiration:
Instead of trying to eliminate those dangerous wing-wagging forces,
why not put them to work to power a pair of flapping wings?
Quietly he began his own personal experiments last year to test his

67
idea for an ornithopter, the technical term
for a flap-propelled aireraft. He built small
birdlike models that had their wings set

on hinges. For power he used rubber-
band engines that developed strong vibra-
tional forces by whirling an unbalanced
stick or rotor. ‘These vibrations set up a
wide flutter or resonance in the wing spars
and made the wings flap up and down as if
Stolzenberger’s mechanical birds had sud-
denly come to life.

During his experiments he built more
than 250 flying models and tried out nu-
merous shapes and wing forms, including
those of swallows, hummingbirds and
eagles. These mechanical birds take off
from his hand or some fixed point. They
flap upward a moment to clear obstacles,
then level off and fly straight as a crow.
Through resonance with the rotor that
creates flutter-waves by its off-balance
spinning, the wings flap like a real bird in
fight

One day recently when Stolzenberger

68

Secret of flap-wing flight Lies in the mechanical
bird's odd head, an unbalanced roter that spins on
the band, Below, Stolsenberger lots his bird fly.

was test-flying a mechanical bat, the model
slipped away from him and darted out of
an open door. Suddenly screams of terror
shook the building. Stolzenberger dashed
down the hall and found hysterical secre-
taries scrambling out of a near-by office
where his lifelike bat was flitting overhead,

Following up his vibrating-wing idea,
Stolzenberger has just patented a large
man-carrying machine that promises to be
the world’s first successful ornithopter,
On these pages MI presents its own design
of a practical flap-wing flyer, based on
principles similar to those revealed in
Stolzenberger’s remarkable experiments

A light-weight, twin-cylinder gasoline
engine, fitted with a clutch and reduction
gears, powers MI's ornithopter. Through
fiexibly connected shafts to each wing, the
motor drives a pair of wing-mounted ro-
tors. The unbalanced spinning of these
rotors provides the vibrational force for
Aapping the wings. Facing to the rear and
set at a slight downward angle, the engine
is mounted in the deep, birdlile “breast”
of the ornithopter’s body. Air inlets, ducts
and a controllable discharge vent, cool the
powerplant.

Fuel, carried in the belly of the machine,
is pumped up through a small header tank
beneath the pilot’s chin-rest, then down
to the engine. A yank on pull rope, such
as you use for an outboard motor, starts
the engine. Instruments and controls are
immediately above the powerplant and di-
rectly connected to it. The drive shafts,
springing diagonally from either side of
the gear box, are mounted universally and
through their upper ends tie in with the
rotor shafts. An automatic safety locks the
wings at the correct soaring angle when-
ever you unchutch the engine.

Except for the breast section, the bird-
shaped fuselage is comparatively shallow.
It’s barely large enough to hold the pilot
comfortably. Built of a glass plastic, over
a light magnesium frame, the fuselage is
molded to fit the body. For greater com-
fort, the interior is lined with airfoam
rubber. The upward angle of this narrow,
horizontal cockpit, padded arm troughs,
control positions and chin-rest follow the
lines of the new Air Force “prone-pilot
bed.” Safety straps, stirrup foot rests and
high, gull-type wing roots on either side
hold the pilot [Continued on page 156]

Mechanix Illustrated

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o6nagatot ~=—s nponennupyrouyyim
Rekcrevem, a Tpaextopus ux
Aownenusn NpuBnoKeerca «cH
nycouze.

7. pn ynape xpbina pHu3
cTepkenb OTAeMbHEIX neprel
Packpy¥Hezetcs, a 3atem, pH
ogveme Kpbia, Nepo CHNEHO
or6pacsipaeT BOaRyWHEIi NoTOK
Ha. Taknm o6paaom Kpbino
akkymynupyeT 2Hepriic.

8. Motockemkn 8 rHgpoKaHa-
ne HarnaaKO noKazenH, KK OT
Kpbiia 8 pasnnunbix nonoxKe-
HiaX BO Bpema BIMaXa HK yAe
pa otpenserca aaKpyuneaio-
uinicR §=BHXpb, MpHeM OfHO-
BpemenHo HaMeHReTCR — yron
atakn Kpbina (cm. puc. 2).

3th BuxpH — cpbisHoe o6-
Texanhe — uw Co3faioT NoAbem-
nylo chy 4 Tay malulyuyero
kpbina.

Takum o6pazom, mawiyuinit
monet npeapctasnsetca ceiiuac
uccnenosatensm BOMHOBLIM
npoyeccom ¢ Gonbinm HHA
MHYeCKHM CONPOTHENEHHEM, KO-
Yopoe 3aBMcHT OT yrNOBEIX KO-
neGanui © Kpeina, ot uacroTbl
Hk H HepasHomepHocTH.

Hcenegopateny wayt B H3y-
WeHHH aToro npouecca no nyTH,

Puc. 1, Tak norors sosnyxa oponmiaior cKBOa KpELTO HTH,

39
ROAcKasBHHOMy —npoteccopom

H. E. Kyroscnnm.
eflepemewenne nray 8 603-

Ayxe Noa pelicrenem sHyrpen-

hnx cHn 6yner Hann ToneKO
Torna BBIAcHeHO, — nacan
on, — Kora Gyner o6cton-

TenbHo may¥en GyHAameHranb-
Hult tpaxTop 2Toro nepemenie-
Hna — sozayuinan BonHay.

OT MO3HAHHA —
K NOAPAKAHHIO!

Tlowas ¢ goctatowHoh cte-
MeHbIO TONHOCTH a>sPORKHaMH-
MeCKHe MH MexANMHeECKHE sBNe-

. Hus, MpoMcXoAsUME Ha mawy-

lem Kpbine, —_HccnenoRaTenn
Monbiranics socnponssectH Hx
He mogensx. Opnonpemenio

APoROMKaNoce wayweHHe none-
a MTU H HaceKoMbix, Sty
Gonsuyio uccneporarensenyto
paGory soarnasnn Komnrer ma-
lyujero noneta npx Llentpans-
HOM aspoxnyGe LOCAA® nme-
tw Yxenopa ¢ 1948 ropa. Ans
wecneposannit Guim coagantt
mogenn naprrened tuna «Kop-
yr», @ Take aneKrpomawy-
ue MOneNK & MOTOPOM MOUL-
nocreio 50 4 100 sr.
‘Oavonpemento & asponmia-
muveckix tpy6ax Guinn scnoi-
yan! mogenn — «OpHunnanan,
cRenaHHbie no MpoeKTy aBTopa
© onepenwem 3 HacTosUIHK
nepses, mevannnueckix " yen-

nynoman
Tipw nenbirannax abincunnace
oueHb mlrepechan — noapo6-

HoCTe! Okazanock, TO KpbINO,
cmenannoe He cnnoulHuim,
aC KOHYeROR peuieTKow ua OT-
RenbHbx nepbes, npH cKOpocTh
8 wcex © 2 paza yBenhunsaeT
ce01o | NORLeMHyIO cHny nO
Cpasennio co CANOWHbIM Kpbt-
nom.

BuiscHunoce 1 Apyroe: camoe
rnapvoe ana Kpbina opHutonte-
pa — 6bite snactHyHbim H yNpy-
Fu.

Oxasanoce, ro wennynonn-
Hoe Kpbino, HanpHMep, MmMeeT
cpeanioio KecrKocTh 8 6 pag
Gonbuyic, em KPbINO THUS.
BHaxHT, AMR ysenHieHHA none
MNO CHnbl OpHnTOnTepoR Ha-
AO NORpaxats He ToNeKO top-
Me HW NpOHmo KpbiNa NTHubI,
HO W HaliTH noAxXOAAUHE MaTe-
pranst, [px atom, Kak HH
CTpakHo, NosepxHocTe —Kpbina
Ne gona 6biTe nonuposak-
HoH, a, HacGopor, ona AOmKHA
Gurh WepoxosaroH HW sonKH-
coh onpefenekHom Kanpas-
neHHn.

Mogenn c TeKxumn anactHunel~
Mn KpbinbaMH OGNanaior aame-
watenbHbim — CRORCTBOM! =H
RomveMHaR cnna coxpaHaerca
Rake Np OTPHUaTENbHEIX yrna:
araKn, Onusnwx x yrny B 11°.

Vicnerranua nepreso mogenk
KopuiyHa O6bscHnan — TaKOKe
APH4HHBI MrHOBEHHOFO TOPMO-
2KEHH CKOPOCTH ITH MPH No-
canke. Beno ycratosneno, To
8 MOMeHT NOCAAKH nTMub! no-
Gosce — conpotnenekne ee
Kpeintee Boapactano #8 3 pa-

Puc 2, [pH MSMeveHum yrna aTakH MaLUYUIero KpBINA NmpoH“cKe-
NT CpLiB BuXxpeHt,

3a, @ NoAtemnaa cuna ocrana-
Nae NOCTOAHHO!.

Onwirst ¢ aneKTpomawyuyHmn
MOAeNAMH, KOTOPbIeE NPOBOAH-
FNC’ PSAOM HAY yYpeKAe-
Hint, noKaganh, WTO yeennieHHe
NoALeMHOn cH! = MawyLero
Kpbina moapacraer 8 5 paz no
Cpastenmo ¢ Keno ABHKHBIM.
Cavospemenko 6uino ycraHos
neHo, “TO Malyulee KpbINO
ATHULI CoaRaeT aHaWHTENbHYIO
TArY Bake NPh MaNbix cKOpo-
omni

NONYYMT FM YESOBEK
KPbLIbS?

aMepovie Kpuinta» — tax Haabl-
sanca pacckas crapeliwero ner-
wuka Hawel erpanbt A. B. LUny-
Kosa, KoTopeIy est npoNnH
2 NO tf atOnoro texHuka> 3a
npouinsii ron. Ho enna nu Ko
M3 HaWKX UnTaTeneH aHaer, uO
50 net wasan, 8 1908 rony,
8 T6xnucn, A. B. LnyKoe anep-

© Monbiranca nonereTe Ha
Rnavepe ¢ MalYLIMMK KPbinbs-
mm. Tlosanee —nonsitka —no-
CTpoxt opHuronrep npennpH-
Hnmeno mHOrO | CmenbuaKon
B PAsHbIX CTpaHax Mupa,

px stom aKcnepumexrer
wn AByms nyTAMM: nO cosa
Ho MyCKyNONeTa, KPbINER KO-
Toporo MpHEOAMANCh 8 RBIKe~
Hime uno YenogeKa, 4 no
noctpoiKe OpuKTontepa, KpLinbs
KoTOporo ABWKeT MOTOP.

MuorowxcneHieie — nonbitkH
RocrpouTs taxme Moment 4
henbitaHna aTHx mopenel np
een K HHTepecHomy BbIBOAY.
Oxazanoce, TO opHuTonTep
Gyner npesocronyte mo 2KoKO-
MMMECKHM —MOKazaTeNsM caMo-
net 8 1,5—2 pasa 4 seproner
© 6~9 pas. Opnurontep aon-
»eH GuITs ropasao Gonec 602-
onachoh = MauuMHOH, = Gem.
camoner, 160 OH O6nagaet Bos
MOMHOCTRIO OTAMYHO NapaUio-
THposate ¢ nio6eix Bbicor. Ero

weGonswan cKopocrs get
Soamomnocrs sanerath 4 ce-
AWTbCR Ha OYeHb maneHbKne
MAOWaAKH.

Opuntontep moxer crath an
napatom, 80 MHOroM ropasao
Gonee yno6Hum, vem HbiKeW-
Hine neratenbiuie annaparu. On
OTMKYHO 3ameHHT ux B page
cnywae

BHauwt, HaA© Coanath opHH-
ronrep?

Tpaennsnol W aaqaua ceiwac

Bakmiouaerca 8 Tom, 4Tobe
paspaborkoi HK —noctpoliKoii
OpHurontepa 3aHanoce Kak
MoKHO Gonbwle >HTyaMacToR.

Heo6xoqumo coanats psa KoH-
erpykuni, @ KoTOpbix Bbin Gut
RocteneHHo ocywectBneH nepe-
X0A OT Mnetiepa K MoTOMALIY~
twemy annapaty. B KHXx Hao
BONNOTHTh Bce AoCEITLIe HamK
cBeReHHA © MeXaHHKe noneTa
niu, CAlenate ux maKcHManbHo
antuenogoGrsiann.

Tpomexyrounod — KoHerpyx-
unen Ha nytH K 4ucTOMy mye
ckynonery Mower GbiTe nnaHep
© senonpusonom nn ¢ noA-
Peccopentitim KpLinom.

Ecnh Ha TaKo# nnakep nocta-
BHT = MOTOUMKNETHBI = MOTOp
8 10-15 a. c, ro, ovesuano,
CH cMomKeT —camoctosTenbio,
eanerats. B stom cnywae nape-

Puc. 3. Jaa ventrranvit Bp aspo-

RuNaMiMecKoll TpyGe Gruma _To-

crpoena takan snertpomauyman
Moses OpunTonTeps,