Ornamental Nationalism: Archaeology and Antiquities in Mexico, 1876-1911 PDF
Preview Ornamental Nationalism: Archaeology and Antiquities in Mexico, 1876-1911
Ornamental Nationalism Brill’s Studies in Intellectual History General Editor Han van Ruler (Erasmus University Rotterdam) Founded by Arjo Vanderjagt Editorial Board C.S. Celenza (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore) – M. Colish (Yale University, New Haven) J.I. Israel (Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton) – A. Koba (University of Tokyo) M.Mugnai (Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa) – W. Otten (University of Chicago) VOLUME 269 Brill’s Studies on Art, Art History, and Intellectual History General Editor Walter S. Melion (Emory University) VOLUME 20 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/bsai Ornamental Nationalism Archaeology and Antiquities in Mexico, 1876-1911 By Seonaid Valiant LEIDEN | BOSTON The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2017032918 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 0920-8607 isbn 978-90-04-35398-5 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-35399-2 (e-book) Copyright 2018 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill NV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. For Mr. Toad, Tumbleweed, and Bug ∵ Little pyramids of truth he erected and after erecting knocked them down again that he might have the truths to erect other pyramids. Sherwood Anderson ∵ Contents Acknowledgments ix List of Figures x Introduction 1 Rise of Professionalism 4 Archaeology and Nationalism 12 Artifacts and Authority 13 Overview of the Book 17 Part 1 1 Nation Building 29 Mexico before the Porfiriato 29 Porfirio Díaz 34 European Influences on the Porfiriato 34 Monumentalism in Mexico 38 Heir to Juárez 41 Heir to the Aztecs 44 Creating the Image of the Nation 52 Symbols of Centralization 61 2 Designing the Porfiriato 68 Mexico in Paris 68 Porfiriopoxtli 77 Policies 80 Assimilation 85 Aztec Patriotism: Sierra and Chavero 89 3 Rag of Barbarism: Aztecs and Mayas in International Thought (1804–1911) 94 Shifting Ideas 94 Baron Alexander von Humboldt 95 Humboldt’s Influence on Other Archaeologists 105 Translating the Mayas: John Lloyd Stephens 106 Iroquois of the South: Prescott and Morgan 113 Sacrifice 117 Popular Culture 120 viii CONTENTS Part 2 4 The Inspector General and Conservator of Archaeological Monuments 131 Antiquities 131 Leopoldo Batres (1852–1926) 135 Nepotism 137 Batres and the Scholarly Community 140 Batres’s Background 142 Race 144 Hrdlička 154 Manuel Gamio 157 5 Batres in the Field 161 Policing Archaeological Zones 161 Saville Seeks Access 164 Escalerillas: The Street of Staircases 168 Conflict in New York 173 Thompson in the Yucatán 181 Batres at Teotihuacán 189 6 Batres Fought with All the World 197 La Isla de Sacrificios: Batres and Nuttall 197 Zelia Nuttall 197 Isla de Sacrificios 205 The National Museum 209 7 The Grand Tour: International Congress of Americanists, Mexico City, 1910 220 Two Automobiles from Teotihuacán: Corruption 228 Map from Teotihuacán 230 Eugène Boban 237 Batres’s Exit 242 Conclusion 248 Bibliography 255 Index 285 Acknowledgments Over the long course of researching and writing this book, I have incurred debts to others that I cannot repay. I thank the scholars that have helped to shape the course of this work. Friedrich Schuler, Friedrich Katz, Dain Borges, Thomas Cummins, Lauren Derby, and James Hevia were all instrumental in helping me to move forward with my project. At the Newberry Library, I had the fortune to meet my editor, Walter Melion, who suggested that I send a book proposal to Brill for this series in Art, Art History and Intellectual History. I cannot thank him enough for his support and the inspiration that his own scholarship has offered me. I could never have completed this project without the assistance of the librarians and archivists at the Archivo General Nacional, Archivo Porfirio Díaz at the Universidad Iberoamericana, the British Library, the Ibero- Amerikanisches Institut, the Instituto Nacional de Antropología y Historia, the Museum of Natural History, the Nettie Lee Benson Library, the Latin American Library in the Howard Tilton Library, the DeGolyer Library, the Hispanic Society, the John Carter Brown Library, the Macmillan Brown Library, and the Special Collections Research Library (SCRC) at the University of Chicago. Kathleen Feeney has continued her magnificent work in helping me to locate obscure references. Joseph T. Scott at the SCRC and John Powell at the Newberry Library have both helped by providing reproductions of images. Joseph Mills has continued to read countless drafts and offered editorial advice on organization and writing. Any failures to communicate my ideas properly are, of course, my own. Research funding for this project was provided by the Mellon Foundation, a Tinker Grant, and the History Department at the University of Chicago. A small portion of this text was printed as “A Great Rascal,” in Mapline, no. 126. Unless otherwise noted, all translations are my own.
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