Ornamental Horticulture

712 Pages·2009·40.988 MB·English

by  Jack Ingels

Ornamental
Horticulture
S , O , & M
CIENCE PERATIONS ANAGEMENT
FOURTH EDITION

Ornamental
HOrticulture
S , O , & M
CIENCE PERATIONS ANAGEMENT
FOURTH EDITION
Jack E. Ingels
State University of New York
College of Agriculture and Technology
Cobleskill, New York
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
Ornamental Horticulture: Science, Operations, © 2010, 2001, 1994 Delmar, Cengage Learning
& Management, Fourth Edition
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Contents
Key Tables and Figures ix
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xv
Foreword: A Brief History of Ornamental Horticulture xvii
Section One The Science of Ornamental Horticulture 1
CHAPTER 1 THE GREEN PLANT 2
The Value of Plants in our Lives • Plant Classification and the Natural World • The Plant
Kingdom • Plant Nomenclature • Parts of a Plant • The Structure of Plant Parts • Juvenility
and Maturity in Plants • Major Plant Processes • What Plants Need for Growth • Summary
CHAPTER 2 DESCRIBING AND IDENTIFYING PLANTS 28
Understanding Plant Nomenclature • Horticultural Descriptions of Plants • Description
Based on Temperature Tolerance • How Plants are Identified • Visual Descriptions of Plants
• The Assimilation of Terminology • Summary
CHAPTER 3 THE SOIL 47
What Is Soil? • Why Soils Differ • Soil Separates and Soil Texture • Soil Nutrients • Soil
Structure and Organic Material • Soil Acidity and Alkalinity • Cation Exchange • Fertilizers
• Summary
CHAPTER 4 PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS 66
Growth Regulators Defined • Types of Growth Regulators • Commercial Growth Regulators
• Summary
CHAPTER 5 PLANT REPRODUCTION 77
Plant Reproduction Defined • Sexual and Asexual Reproduction • How Plants are
Propagated • Plant Improvement • The Contribution of Gregor Mendel • Mutations •
Industry Applications • Summary
v
vi Contents
CHAPTER 6 PLANT INJURIES AND THEIR CONTROL 94
Plant Injuries and Their Causes • Insects • Plant Diseases • Symptoms of Injured Plants
• Weeds • Other Causes of Injury • The Control of Biotic Pests • Pesticides • Biological
Control • Summary
Section Two The Crafts of Ornamental Horticulture 140
CHAPTER 7 FLORAL DESIGN 142
The Value of Flowers • Floral Design—Art or Craft? • Materials Needed to Arrange Flowers
• Containers for Floral Arrangements • Care of Cut Flowers • Forms of Arrangement
Materials • Principles of Floral Design • Patterns of Arrangements • Using Color to
Advantage • Wiring Flowers for Design • Making Bows and Puffs • Assembling the
Arrangements • Summary
CHAPTER 8 THE INTERIOR USE OF PLANTS 176
Background and Status Update • Uniqueness of Interior Plantscapes • Light and Interior
Plantings • The Growing Medium • Watering and Drainage • Other Concerns • The
Interdisciplinary Team • The Future • Summary
CHAPTER 9 LANDSCAPE DESIGN 199
The Need for Gardens • Landscaping Today • The Outdoor Room • The Principles of Design
• Selecting Plants for Landscapes • Designing Plantings for Landscapes • Enrichment Items
• Selecting Construction Materials • Materials and Methods • Creating a Residential Plan
• Summary
CHAPTER 10 INSTALLING LANDSCAPE PLANTS 271
The Importance of Proper Installation • The Necessary Tools • Root Forms of Landscape
Plants • The Time to Transplant • Methods of Installation • Installing Bedding Plants,
Groundcovers, and Bulbs • Problems of Arid Regions • Planting in the Southeast •
Summary
CHAPTER 11 MAINTAINING LANDSCAPE PLANTS 297
Sustained Care of Plantings • Pest Control • Pruning Trees and Shrubs • Flower Plantings •
Winterizing the Landscape • Summary
CHAPTER 12 SPECIAL TRAINING TECHNIQUES FOR PLANTS 323
Selecting and Using Vines in the Landscape • Installing and Training Vines • Espaliers •
Installing and Training Espaliers • Topiary Pruning • Bonsai Development • Summary
CHAPTER 13 TURF: SELECTION, ESTABLISHMENT, AND MAINTENANCE 340
The Many Uses of Turfgrass • Comparison of Turfgrasses • Purchasing Grass Seed
• Mixtures Versus Single-species Blends • Methods of Installation • Proper Lawn
Construction • Calibrating a Spreader • Maintaining an Established Law • Summary
CHAPTER 14 TECHNIQUES OF PLANT PROPAGATION 370
Science and Craft • The Media for Propagation • The Structures for Propagation •
Propagation by Seeds • Propagation by Plugs • Propagation by Cuttings • Propagation by
Grafting • Propagation by Budding • Propagation by Layering • Propagation by Tissue and
Organ Culturing • Summary
Contents vii
Section Three The Professions of Ornamental Horticulture 406
CHAPTER 15 THE FLORICULTURE INDUSTRY 408
Careers in Ornamental Horticulture • The Professions of Floriculture • Summary
CHAPTER 16 THE NURSERY INDUSTRY 419
The Scope of the Business • Different Types of Nurseries • The Link Between the Nursery
and Landscape Industries • Challenges Facing the Nursery Industry • Summary
CHAPTER 17 THE LANDSCAPE INDUSTRY 428
The Landscape • Different Types of Landscapers • Educational Requirements • Summary
CHAPTER 18 SPECIALIZED AND NONTRADITIONAL CAREERS 436
Choosing or Changing a Career • Part-time Work • Cooperative Extension Specialists •
Horticulture Therapists • Arborists and Lawn Care Specialists • Communications • What
Else? • Summary
Section Four The Production Techniques of Ornamental Horticulture 446
CHAPTER 19 GREENHOUSES AND OTHER GROWING STRUCTURES 448
The Purpose of Growing Structures • Types of Growing Structures • Materials Used to
Cover the Structures • Typical Structural Plans • Heating the Greenhouse • Ventilating
and Cooling the Greenhouse • Conserving Energy in Greenhouses • Greenhouse Benches •
Summary
CHAPTER 20 GREENHOUSE PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES 470
Crop Production Scheduling • Greenhouse Root Media • Pasteurizing the Media • Soil
Tests • Greenhouse Containers • Reproduction Methods • Spacing and Labeling a Crop
• Watering • Fertilizing • Growth Retardants • Pest Control • Selecting Crops to Grow •
Summary
CHAPTER 21 NURSERY PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES 505
Container Versus Field Nurseries • Crop Selection • Determining the Number of Plants
to Grow • Media Consideration for Nursery Crops • Layouts for Field Production •
Maintaining Nursery Crops • Labeling Nursery Crops • Field Pruning Nursery Stock •
Harvesting • Overwintering • Cover Crops and Crop Rotation • Summary
CHAPTER 22 BEGINNING AND PROMOTING AN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE BUSINESS 529
Why Have Your Own Business? • Forms of Business Organization • Market Surveys •
Sources of Capital • Selecting the Business Site • Using Space Efficiently • Organization
Plans • Building the Inventory • Laws and Regulations • Advertising the Business •
Summary
CHAPTER 23 HUMAN RELATIONS: PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT AND CUSTOMER SALES 557
The Importance of Human Relations • Personnel Management • Matching the Employee
With the Job • Customer Relations • Summary
CHAPTER 24 BUSINESS COMMUNICATIONS 569
The Purpose of Business Communications • The Technology of Business Communication
• Written Communications • Telephone Communication • Web Sites • The Language of
Business Communications • Summary
viii Contents
CHAPTER 25 RECORDKEEPING, PRICING, AND DETERMINING PROFIT 587
Keeping Business Records • Interpreting Financial Statements • Financial Ratios • Pricing
Merchandise and Services • The Mathematics of Profit Calculation • Alternative Pricing
Methods • Summary
CHAPTER 26 ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE IN THE AGE OF TECHNOLOGY 605
Technology is Dynamic • The Benefits and Limitations • Other Uses of Modern Technology
• Probabilities and Possibilities for the Future • The Flip Side of Technology • Summary
CHAPTER 27 TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT 619
A New Concern for an Old Idea • Quality Defined • Total Quality Management (TQM)
Defined • Internal and External Customers • Implementing TQM • Summary
Appendix A: Professional and Trade Organizations for
Horticulture and Related Areas 627
Appendix B: Selected Readings for the Study of Ornamental
Horticulture 631
Appendix C: Examples of Plant Diseases and Insect Injuries 639
Glossary 649
Index 661
Key Tables and Figures
The following list may be used as a quick reference guide to key tables and figures in the text.
Table 3–1 The Essential Elements 53
Table 3–2 Essential Elements with Their Functions and Symptoms of
Deficiency 54
Table 4–1 Growth Retardants for Florist Crops 73
Table 4–2 Growth Retardants for Turfgrasses 74
Table 5–1 Characteristics of Mitosis and Meiosis in Plants 80
Table 6–1 Causes of Plant Injuries 96
Table 6–2 Levels of Pesticide Toxicity and Safety Equipment Needed 123
Table 6–3 Types of Adjuvants and How They Work 127
Table 6–4 Greenhouse Predators 130
Figure 7–5 Common Container Types for Floral Arrangements 148
Figure 7–6 Types of Arrangement Materials 149
Figure 7–10 Standard Patterns of Floral Arrangements 153
Figure 7–11 Basic Lines of Floral Arrangements 154
Figure 7–13 Techniques for Wiring Flowers 157
Table 8–1 Lamps for Interior Plant Illumination 181
Table 8–2 A Comparison of Artificial Lighting Sources for Interior
Plantscapes 182
Table 9–1 Components of an Outdoor Room 208
Table 9–2 A Guide to Landscape Trees 218
Table 9–3 A Guide to Landscape Shrubs 226
Table 9–4 A Guide to Groundcovers 234
Table 9–5 A Guide to Vines 236
Table 9–6 A Guide to Selected Southwestern Plants 238
Table 9–7 Landscape Enrichment Items 250
ix