Ormia depleta : laboratory maintenance, strain identification, and evaluation of Aphis neriil as a banker species

2004·2.1 MB·English

by  Welch, Craig H

Ormiadepleta:
LABORATORYMAINTENANCE,STRAINIDENTIFICATION,
ANDEVALUATIONOFAphisneriiASABANKERSPECIES
B)
CRAIGH.WELCH
ADISSERTATIONPRESENTEDTOTHEGRADUATESCHOOL
OFTHEUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDAINPARTIALFULFILLMENT
OFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORTHEDEGREEOF
DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY
UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA
2004
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
IwouldliketothankDr.J.HowardFrankforthehelp,support,andpatiencehe
hasofferedmeoverthepastyearsandmycommitteefortheadviceandguidanceoffered
inthedevelopmentofthisdissertation.1wouldliketothankDr.RobertHemenwayfor
hiscountlesshoursofworkinmaintainingflyandcricketcolonies,withoutwhichnone
ofthisresearchwouldhavebeenpossible.Iwouldliketothankthemanypeopleatthe
GulfCoastResearchandEducationCenterinBradenton,Florida,fortheirhelpin
runningthesoundtrapsandcollectingflies.IwouldliketothanktheGreenSectionof
theUSGolfAssociationfortheirfinancialsupportofthisresearch.Theirsupportiswhat
madeitpossibletoimporttheOsoriostrainofOrmiadepleta,whichwascrucialtothis
project.IwouldalsoliketothankDr.KenPortierforhishelpinstatisticalanalysis.
Finally,Iwanttoexpressmyloveandappreciationtomywife,Celeste,whoforthepast
sevenyearsofmytimeingraduateschoolhasshownmegreatloveandpatience,has
cookeddinners,donefivemillionloadsoflaundry,managedourhousehold,paidour
bills,andgivenbirthtofourdaughters,whoarethejoyofourlives.
TABLEOFCONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii
LISTOFTABLES v
LISTOFFIGURES vi
ABSTRACT viii
CHAPTER
1 REVIEWOFLITERATURE 1
2 VARIATIONOFPARAMETERSFORREARINGORM1ADEPLETA(DIPTERA:
TACHINIDAE)ANDINDUCINGDIAPAUSE 7
Introduction 7
MaterialsandMethods 10
EnvironmentalChamberRearingParameters 10
MelezitoseandFecundity 12
Results 13
EnvironmentalChamberRearingParameters 13
MelezitoseandFecundity 15
Discussion 16
3 INTRASPECIFICCOMPETITIONFORRESOURCESBYORM1ADEPLETA
(DIPTERA:TACHINIDAE)LARVAE 20
Introduction 20
MaterialsandMethods 22
Results 23
Discussion 28
REARINGORMIADEPLETA(DIPTERA:TACHINIDAE),APARASITOIDOF
MOLECRICKETS(ORTHOPTERA:GRYLLOTALPIDAE),ONAFACTITIOUS
HOST,/)C//£7MDOM£S77Cf5'(ORTHOPTERA:GRYLLIDAE) 33
Introduction 33
MaterialsandMethods 36
LarvalDevelopmentofOrmiadepletainAchetadomesticus 36
LarvalBehaviorwithinhost 37
Results 37
LarvalDevelopmentofOrmiadepletainAchetadomesticus 37
LarvalBehaviorwithinhost 38
Scapteriscusabbreviates- 38
Achetadomesticus- 44
Discussion 49
5 IODEFNOTRIMF1IACADTEIPOLNEOTFATBWYOANSAOLUYTSHISAMOEFRCIUCTAINCUGLEAORGRHAYPDHROICCAARLBOISNOSL.A.T.E.S53
Introduction 53
MaterialsandMethods 53
Results 55
Discussion 59
6 SURVIVALOFORMIADEPLETAWHENCAGEDWITHHONEYDEW-
PRODVCIHGAPHISNERII 60
Introduction 60
MaterialsandMethods 62
Results 63
Discussion 63
APPENDIX
A THEEFFECTOFPUPALSIZEONEMERGENCE 66
B ATTEMPTEDINDUCTIONOFDIAPAUSEBYSHORTDAYPHOTOPERIODIN
OSORIOSTRAINORMLADEPLETA 67
C GASCHROMATOGRAPHICANALYSISOFTHECUTICULAR
HYDROCARBONSOFORMIADEPLETATOIDENTIFYSTRAINS 69
LISTOFREFERENCES 71
BIOGRAPHICALSKETCH 77
LISTOFTABLES
Table page
1Levelsofparameterstestedandtreatmentnumbersassigned 12
2Percentageoffemalesgravid-arcsinesquareroottransformationF-valuesandp-
valuesforthemainfactorsandinteractions 14
3Percentageoffemalesbecominggravidwithineachtreatmentcombination 14
4Theeffectiftemperature,humidity,andphotoperiodonthepercentageofmortalityof
O.depleta 15
5MortalityF-valuesandp-valuesforthemainfactorsandinteractions 15
6MeannumberandlengthofO.depletalarvaefoundinS.abbreviatesandA.
domesticushosts 38
7RetentiontimesofGCpeaksforthecuticularhydrocarbonsofO.depleta 56
8ThepercentemergenceofO.depletapupaeofvaryingsizes 66
1
LISTOFFIGURES
Figure
1OldstylerearingcagesforO.depleta 1
2ExperimentalstyleofrearingcageforO.depleta 11
3Theeffectofplanidiadensityusedtoinoculatemolecricketsonthenumberofpupae
produced(errorbarsindicatestandarddeviation,significantlydifferentmeans
indicatedbylettersoverbarsasdeterminedbyDuncan'sprocedure,a=0.05) 24
4Theeffectofnumberofplanidiausedtoinoculatemolecricketsonthenumberof
pupaeproduced-regressionanalysiswith95%confidencebands 25
5Theeffectofnumberofplanidiausedtoinoculatemolecricketsonthesurvivalrateof
thelarvaetothepupalstage(errorbarsindicatestandarddeviation,significantly
differentmeansindicatedbylettersoverbarsasdeterminedbyDuncan's
procedure,a=0.05) 25
6Theeffectofnumberofplanidiausedtoinoculatemolecricketsonthesurvivalrateof
thelarvaetothepupalstage-regressionanalysiswith95%confidencebands 26
7Theeffectofnumberofplanidiausedtoinoculatemolecricketsonthemeanweightof
thepupaeproduced(errorbarsindicatestandarddeviation,significantlydifferent
meansindicatedbylettersoverbarsasdeterminedbyDuncan'sprocedure,a=
0.05) 26
8Theeffectofnumberofplanidiausedtoinoculatemolecricketsonthemeanweightof
thepupaeproduced-regressionanalysiswith95%confidencebands 27
9Theeffectofhostcricketweightonmeanpupalweight(errorbarsindicatestandard
deviation,significantlydifferentmeansindicatedbylettersoverbarsasdetermined
byDuncan'sprocedure,a=0.05) 28
10Theeffectofhostcricketweightclassonthemeanweightofthepupaeproduced-
regressionanalysiswith95%confidencebands 28
11LarvaofO.depletamS.abbreviateshostonedayafterinoculation 40
12LarvaofO.depletainS.abbreviatushosttwodaysafterinoculation 40
58
13LarvaofO.depleta'mS.abbreviateshostthreedaysafterinoculation 41
14LarvaofO.depletainS.abbreviateshostfourdaysafterinoculation 41
1 Scapteriscusabbreviateshostfivedaysafterinoculationshowingtheexternal
evidenceoftheattachmentpointofO.depletalarva 42
16LarvaeofO.depletainS.abbreviateshostfivedaysafterinoculation 42
17LarvaeofO.depletain5.abbreviateshostsixdaysafterinoculation 43
1 TwoO.depletalarvaeinS.abbreviateshostsixdaysafterinoculationshowingdetail
ofthelarvalattachmenttothehost 43
19LarvaofO.depletainS.abbreviateshostsevendaysafterinoculation 44
20LarvaofO.depletainA.domesticushostonedayafterinoculation 45
21LarvaofO.depletainA.domesticushosttwodaysafterinoculation 46
22LarvaofO.depletainA.domesticushostthreedaysafterinoculation 46
23LarvaofO.depletainA.domesticushostfourdaysafterinoculation 47
24LarvaeofO.depletainA.domesticushostfivedaysafterinoculation 47
25LarvaeofO.depletainA.domesticushostsixdaysafterinoculation 48
26LarvaeofO.depletainA.domesticushostsevendaysafterinoculation 48
27SevendayoldlarvaeofO.depletafromS.abbreviates(top)andA.domesticus
(bottom) 49
28ThegrowthofO.depletalarvaeinalternatehosts:S.abbreviatesandA.domesticus49
29Themeanpercentageoftotalpeakareaforthegaschromatogramsofthecuticular
hydrocarbonsoffemalePiracicabastrainOrmiadepleta 56
30Themeanpercentageoftotalpeakareaforthegaschromatogramsofthecuticular
hydrocarbonsoffemaleOsoriostrainOrmiadepleta 57
31Themeanpercentageoftotalpeakareaforthegaschromatogramsofthecuticular
hydrocarbonsofmalePiracicabastrainOrmiadepleta 57
32Themeanpercentageoftotalpeakareaforthegaschromatogramsofthecuticular
hydrocarbonsofmaleOsoriostrainOrmiadepleta 58
33ScatterplotrepresentationofthevaluesforpeaksFand1formaleO.depletaofthe
PiracicabaandOsoriostrains 58
AbstractofDissertationPresentedtotheGraduateSchool
oftheUniversityofFloridainPartialFulfillmentofthe
RequirementsfortheDegreeofDoctorofPhilosophy
ORMIADEPLETA:
LABORATORYMAINTENANCE,STRAINIDENTIFICATION,
ANDEVALUATIONOFAPHISNERIIASABANKERSPECIES
By
CraigH.Welch
August,2004
Chair:J.HowardFrank
MajorDepartment:EntomologyandNematology
Ormiadeplela(Wiedemann)isatachinidflyusedinthebiologicalcontrolof
Scapteriscusspp.molecrickets.SeveralchangestothecurrentmethodofrearingO.
depletainthelaboratorywereattempted.Manipulationsoftemperature,humidity,and
photoperiodduringthepupalandadultstagesshowedthatthepercentageofgravid
femaleswashigherat23°Cthanat27°Candat70%relativehumiditythanat85%,but
photoperioddidnothaveasignificanteffect.Adietofmelezitosedidnotincreasethe
fecundityoffliescomparedtoamelezitose-freediet.Increasingthenumberofplanidia
usedtoinoculatehostmolecricketsincreasedthenumberofpupaeproduced,butreduced
thesurvivabilityofthoseplanidiaandthemeanweightsofthepupaeproduced.Larger
hostmolecricketswerealsofoundtoproducelargerpupae.Achetadomeslicuswastried
asafactitioushostandfoundtobeunsuitable.Althoughpupaewereproduced,theywere
smallandfewinnumber.Dissectionsofhostswithdevelopinglarvaeshowedthatthe
larvaeinAchetadevelopedslowlyandapparentlyhadtroubleemergingfromthehost.
IdentificationoftwoBrazilianstrainsofO.depletawasperformedbygas
chromatographicanalysisofcuticularhydrocarbons.Theresultsindicatedthat,usingthe
modelusedinthisexperiment,thestrainscouldbeidentifiedwith80%confidence.An
evaluationofthehoneydewofAphisneriionitsmilkweedhostindicatedthatitisan
adequatecarbohydratesourceforO.depleta,butfurtherstudyisneededinthisarea
beforeanyrecommendationscanbemade.
REVIEWCHOAFPLTIETRER1ATURE
FourspeciesofmolecricketsarecurrentlyestablishedinFlorida.Threeofthese
areimmigrantpestsofthegenusScapteriscus:S.vicinusScudder(thetawnymole
cricket),S.abbreviatesScudder(theshort-wingedmolecricket),andS.borelliiGiglio-
Tos(thesouthernmolecricket).Thesethreespeciescanbedifferentiatedbyseveral
featuresincludingdactylspacingandthecharacteristicsofthemalesong(Nickleand
Castner1984).AllthreeScapteriscusspp.molecricketsarebelievedtohavearrived
fromSouthAmericaaroundtheyear1900(WalkerandNickle1981).S.vicinusandS.
borelliiarethoughttohaveinitiallyarrivedintheUnitedStatesthroughBrunswick,
Georgia,in1899and1904,respectively(WalkerandNickle1981,NickleandCastner
1984).Scapteriscusabbreviatusapparentlyarrivedseveraltimesbetween1899and1923
intoseveralportsinFloridaandsouthernmostcoastalGeorgia(WalkerandNickle1981).
Sincethen,Scapteriscusmolecricketshavebecomemajoragriculturalpeststhroughout
FloridaandintoGeorgia,Mississippi,SouthCarolina,andotherstates(Franketal.
1998).TheyarethemostdamagingpestsofturfandpasturegrassesinFloridaandare
alsopestsofvegetableandfieldcrops(ReinertandShort1980).Bahiagrass,Paspalum
notatumFluegge,isapparentlythepreferred,andthereforemostdamaged,plantspecies
(ReinertandShort1980).Damageistypicallycausedbyeitherthetunnelingofthemole
crickets,whichexposestherootstodesiccation,orbydirectfeedingontheroots(Reinert
andShort1980).Traditionally,thesepestshavebeencontrolledthroughtheuseof
chemicalpesticidessuchascarbaryl,chlorpyrifos,acephate.bifenthrin,fipronil,
I