Table Of Content

FIRST EDITION ORIGINS THE STORY OF THE BEGINNING OF EVERYTHING BY Bahram Mobasher University of California—Riverside Bassim Hamadeh, CEO and Publisher Gem Rabanara, Project Editor Alia Bales, Production Editor Emely Villavicencio, Senior Graphic Designer Trey Soto, Licensing Coordinator Natalie Piccotti, Director of Marketing Kassie Graves, Vice President of Editorial Jamie Giganti, Director of Academic Publishing Copyright © 2019 by Cognella, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any informa- tion retrieval system without the written permission of Cognella, Inc. For inquiries regarding permissions, translations, foreign rights, audio rights, and any other forms of reproduction, please contact the Cognella Licensing Department at [email protected]. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Cover image copyright© by Babak Tafreshi. Reprinted with permission. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN: 978-1-62661-481-9(pbk) / 978-1-62661-482-6 (br) / 978-1-5165-7011-9 (al) To my parents “We delight with the beauty of the butterfly, but rarely admit the changes it has gone through to achieve that beauty”. MAYA ANGELOU AUTHOR “The greatest obstacle to discovery is not ignorance, it is illusion of knowledge”. DANIEL J. BOORSTIN HISTORIAN “It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it”. ARISTOTLE PHILOSOPHER CONTENTS IN BRIEF ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XV PREFACE XVI CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW 1 CHAPTER 2. D EVELOPMENT OF SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT: A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 15 CHAPTER 3. THE ORIGIN OF SPACE AND TIME 27 CHAPTER 4. THE ORIGIN OF PARTICLES AND FIELDS 37 CHAPTER 5. THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE 53 CHAPTER 6. THE ORIGIN OF LIGHT ELEMENTS 65 CHAPTER 7. THE FIRST ATOMS AND DARK AGES 73 CHAPTER 8. THE ORIGIN OF STRUCTURE IN THE UNIVERSE 83 CHAPTER 9. THE PRESENT STATE OF THE UNIVERSE 91 CHAPTER 10. THE CONTENT OF THE UNIVERSE 101 CHAPTER 11. THE ORIGIN OF GALAXIES 111 CHAPTER 12. THE ORIGIN OF STARS 119 CHAPTER 13. THE EVOLUTION AND DEATH OF STARS 127 CHAPTER 14. THE ORIGIN OF HEAVY ELEMENTS 135 CHAPTER 15. THE ORIGIN OF THE PLANETARY SYSTEMS 145 CHAPTER 16. THE EARLY EARTH 155 CHAPTER 17. THE ORIGIN OF CONTINENTS, OCEANS, AND MOUNTAINS 165 CHAPTER 18. THE EVOLVING EARTH: A DYNAMIC HISTORY 177 CHAPTER 19. EMERGENCE OF THE CONDITIONS FOR LIFE 193 CHAPTER 20. THE BASIC INGREDIENTS OF LIFE 203 CHAPTER 21. THE ORIGIN OF LIFE 227 CHAPTER 22. THE ORIGIN OF CELLS 241 CHAPTER 23. THE EARLY EVOLUTION OF LIFE ON EARTH 261 CHAPTER 24. THE ORIGIN OF MAMMALS AND PRIMATES 285 CHAPTER 25. T HE ORIGIN OF LANGUAGE, CULTURE, CITIES, AND CIVILIZATIONS 303 CHAPTER 26. CONCLUDING REMARKS 317 INDEX 323 CONTENTS EXTENDED ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XV VII PREFACE XVI VII ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XIX PREFACE XX CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW 1 Chapter Learning Objectives 1 An Overview of the History of Everything 2 Physical Constants 4 Definitions, Measurement Systems, and Units 6 Fundamental Laws of Nature 9 Universal Law of Gravitation 9 Laws of Motion 9 Law of Conservation of Momentum 9 Law of Conservation of Energy 9 Planck’s Law and Blackbody Radiation 10 Search for an Origin for the Laws of Physics 10 Symmetry in Nature 11 Origin of Conservation Laws 11 Summary and Outstanding Questions 12 Review Questions 12 Chapter 1 References 13 Figure Credits 13 CHAPTER 2. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENTIFIC THOUGHT: A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW 15 Chapter Learning Objectives 15 Early Search for Reality 16 First World Models 17 A World Model Based on Observations 18 The Scientific Revolution 18 Emergence of Modern Views for the Nature of Matter 19 Modern Views of Space and Time 20 From Natural Philosophy to Natural History and Biology 21 The Birth of Organic Chemistry and Molecular Biology 22 Summary and Outstanding Questions 23 Review Questions 24 Chapter 2 References 24 CHAPTER 3. THE ORIGIN OF SPACE AND TIME 27 Chapter Learning Objectives 27 A Historical View of Space and Time 28 The Nature of Space and Time 29 The Reality of Past, Present, and Future 30 The Arrow of Time 30 The Reality of Space-Time in the Presence of Gravity 32 The Concept of Mass and Energy 33 SUMMARY AND OUTSTANDING QUESTIONS 34 Review Questions 34 Chapter 3 References 35 CHAPTER 4. THE ORIGIN OF PARTICLES AND FIELDS 37 Chapter Learning Objectives 37 A Quantum View of Matter 38 The Nature of Fundamental Particles 39 Fundamental Forces in the Universe 42 The Concept of Fields 45 The Origin of Mass 46 Unification of Forces 48 Antiparticles 49 Parity 50 Summary and Outstanding Questions 50 Review Questions 52 Chapter 4 References 52 CHAPTER 5. THE ORIGIN OF THE UNIVERSE 53 Chapter Learning Objectives 53 Evidence of a Beginning for the Universe 54 The Very Early Universe 56 The Singularity 56 The Planck Epoch (0 < t < 10−43 sec) 57 The Grand Unification Epoch (10−43 < t < 10−36 sec) 57 The Inflationary Epoch (10−36 < t < 10−32 sec) 58 The Electroweak Epoch (10−32 < t < 10−12 sec) 60 The Quark-Gluon Epoch (10−12 < t < 10−6 sec) 60 The Hadron Epoch (10−6 < t < 1 sec) 60 The Lepton Epoch (1 < t < 10 sec) 61 Summary and Outstanding Questions 62 Review Questions 63 Chapter 5 References 64 Figure Credit 64 CHAPTER 6. THE ORIGIN OF LIGHT ELEMENTS 65 Chapter Learning Objectives 65 The Universe before Formation of Light Elements 66 Formation of Light Elements 67 What Drives Big Bang Nucleosynthesis? 69 Why Is There No Antimatter in the Universe? 69 Summary and Outstanding Questions 70 Review Questions 71 Chapter 6 References 71 CHAPTER 7. THE FIRST ATOMS AND DARK AGES 73 Chapter Learning Objectives 73 Formation of the First Atoms 74 Cosmic Background Radiation 75 The Dark Ages 77 Reionization of the Universe 79 Summary and Outstanding Questions 79 Review Questions 80