Origin of Cosmic Rays: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute held in Durham, England, August 26–September 6, 1974 PDF
Preview Origin of Cosmic Rays: Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute held in Durham, England, August 26–September 6, 1974
Origin of Cosmic Rays NATO ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTES SERIES Proceedings of the Advanced Study Institute Programme, which aims at the dissemination of advanced knowledge and the formation of contacts among scientists from different countries The series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with NATO Scientific Affairs Division A Life Sciences Plenum· Publishing Corporation B Physics London and New Y ork C Mathematical and D. Reidel Publishing Company Physical Sciences Dordrecht and Boston D Behavioral and Sijthoff International Publishing Company Social Sciences Leiden E Applied Sciences Noordhoff International Publishing Leiden Series C - Mathematical and Physical Sciences Volume 14-0rigin ofCosmic Rays Origin of Cosmic Rays Proceedings ofthe NATO Advanced Study Institute held in Durham, England, August 26-September 6, 1974 edited by J. L. OSBORNE and A. W. WOLFENDALE Physics Department, University 0/ Durham, Durham, Eng/and D. Reidel Publishing Company Dordrecht-Holland / Boston-U.S.A. Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data NATO Advanced Study Institute, Durham, Eng., 1974. Origin of cosmic rays. Bibliography: p. I. Cosmic rays-Congresses. I. Osborne, J. L., ed. Titte. 11. Wolfendale, A. W., ed. III. QC484.8.N37 1974 539.7'223 75-2436 ISBN-13: 978-94-010-1814-2 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-010-1812-8 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-1812-8 Published by D. Reide1 Publishing Company P.O. Box 17, Dordrecht, Holland Sold and distributed in the U.S.A., Canada, and Mexico by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Inc. 306 Dartmouth Street, Boston, Mass. 02116, V.S.A. All Rights Reserved Copyright © 1975 by D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1975 No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm, or any other means, without written permission from the publisher TABLE OF CONTENTS VII Preface List of Participants IX Introductory Cosmic Rays 1 A.W. Wolfendale The Galaxy and the Interstellar Medium 13 J.L. Osborne Extragalactic Cosmic Rays 25 G.R. Burbidge Sidereal Daily Variations in Cosmic Ray 37 Intensity and their Relationships to Solar Modulation and Galactic Anisotropies T. Thambyahpillai Energy Spectrum and Mass Composition of Cosmic 61 Ray Nuclei from 1012 to 1020eV A.A. Watson Nuclear Mass Composition at 'Low' Energies 97 (i.e. <1012 eV/nucleon) I.L. Rasmussen Nucleosynthesis and Galactic Cosmic Rays l35 H. Reeves VI TABLE OF CONTENTS Ga1actic Structure, Magnetic Fie1ds and Cosmic 165 Ray Containment K.O. Thie1heim 14 Ga1actic Propagation of Cosmic Rays Be10w 10 eV 203 J.L. Osborne Possib1e Exp1anations of the Spectra1 Shape 221 A. W. Wolfendale The Cosmic Ray E1ectron Component 233 P. Meyer Gamma Ray Astrophysics 267 F.W. Stecker Observation of Ce1estia1 Gamma Rays 335 K. Pinkau Co11apsed Stars, Pulsars and the Origin 371 of Cosmic Rays F. Pacini Historica1 Searches for Supernovae 399 F.R. Stephenson Supernovae and the Origin of Cosmic Rays (I) 425 S .A. Co1gate Supernovae and the Origin of Cosmic Rays (II), 447 a Model of Cosmic Ray Production in Supernovae S.A. Co1gate PREFAGE The cosmic radiation was discovered over 60 years aga and since that time many exciting results have appeared, results of interest to a variety of branches of science, primarily Nuclear Physics, Astrophysics and Geophysics. Perhaps the most basic aspect is the intriguing one of the origin of the radiation and the present publication comprises a reproduction of the lectures on the topic given at the Advanced Study Institute held from August 26 to September 6, 1974 in Durham, England. We endeavoured to organise the Institute as a School as distinct from a Gonference and the lecturers cooperated to the full in making their contributions very clear and comprehensive. In producing the manuscripts for these Proceedings the lecturers were greatly assisted by the Scientific Secretaries (Research Students from our Department, listed overleaf) and we are very grateful to them for their efforts. Many members of the Physics Department and staff of St. Mary's College (where participants were accommodated), helped with the organisation and we thank them most sincerely. Our particular thanks go to our Departmental Superintendent, Mr. G.F. Gleveland, for his many contributions to the successful outcome of the meeting. We are grateful to Mrs. S.M. Naylor for her help in preparing this printed version of the Proceedings from the manuscripts. J.L. Osborne Durham, October 3, 1974 A.W. Wolfendale Institute Directors: J.L. Osborne and A.W. Wolfendale Physics Department University of Durham, Durham, England Advisors: G.R. Burbidge University of California San Diego, U.S.A. H. Elliot Imperial College, London, England P. Meyer University of Chicago, U.S.A. H. Reeves Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires de Saclay France Scientific Secretaries: G.J. Dickinson A.W. Strong D. Dodds M. White D.K. French D.M. Worral K. Pimley We are very grateful to the Scientific Affairs Division of NATO for sponsoring this Advanced Study Institute. LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Lecturers Burbidge, G.R., University of California, San Diego Colgate, S.A., New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology Meyer, P., Chicago Osborne, J.L., Durham Pacini, F., Frascati Pinkau, K., Garching Rasmussen, Lyngby Reeves, H., Saclay Stecker, F.W., Goddard Space Flight Center Stephenson. F.R., Newcastle upon Tyne Thambyahpillai, T., Imperial College, London Thielheim. K.O., Kiel Watson, A.A., Leeds Wolfendale, A.W., Durham Participants Arens, M., Amsterdam Ashton, F., Durham Barrett, M.L., Leeds Bazer-Bachi, A.R., Toulouse Bignami, G.F., Goddard Space Flight Center Burn, B.J., I.O.A., Cambridge Capelato, H.V., Saclay Carter, P.D., North London Polytechnic Cetincelik, M., T.N.E.K., Ankara Cherki, G., Saclay Cherry, M.L., Chicago di Cocco, G., Bologna Edelstein, W.A., Glasgow FeIten, J.E., Steward Observatory Frangos, A.C., Athens Fuchs, B., Kiel Goned, A.M.S., Cairo Gregory, J.C., Alabama x LIST OF PARTICIPANTS Grupen, C., Gesamthochschule Siegen Hainebach, K.L., Rice University Hermsen, W., Leiden Hillas, A.M., Leeds Jokisch, H., Kiel Juliusson, E., Chicago Karr, G.R., Alabama Kidd, J.M., Naval Research Laboratory, Washington Kinaci, S.R., Ege Universy Lindstarn, S., Lund Linsley, J., University of New Mexico Mandolesi, N., Bologna Martin, J.W., University of Washington Mclvor, I., D.A.M.T.P., Cambridge Meikle, W.P.S., Glasgow Meneguzzi, M., Saclay Moyano, C.E., Garching Nelson, A.H., Cardiff Nissen, D., Kiel O'Sullivan, C.T.O., Cork Paizis, C., Milan Pizzichini, G., Bologna Plieninger, T., Heidelberg Robba, N., Palermo Robson, E.I., Queen Mary College, London Rothermei, H., Garching Sacco, B., Palermo Schlickeiser, R., Kiel Schmidt, W., Garching Schwartz, S.J., D.A.M.T.P., Cambridge Simon, M., Garching Skilling, J., D.A.M.T.P., Cambridge Sun, M.P., Imperial College, London Thompson, M.G., Durham Turner, T., M.E.T.U., Ankara Turtelli, A., Jr., Unicamp Turver, K.E., Durharn Valtaoja, E.J.J., Turku Verrna, S.D., Louisiana Wdowczyk, J., Lodz Westergaard, N.J., Lyngby Wi ld, P., Leeds Wilson, A.S, Sterrewacht te Leiden
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