Organogenesis: Volume II

163 Pages·1972·20.577 MB·English

by  H. Tuchmann-Duplessis M. D., Ph. D., P. Haegel M. D. (auth.)

ILLUSTRATED
HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY
VOLUME II
ORGANOGENESIS
ILLUSTRATED HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY
YOLUME I: EMBRYOGENESIS.
YOLUME II: ORGANOGENESIS.
YOLU~IE III: NERVOUS SYSTEM AND ENDOCRINE GLANDS.
ILL U STRA TED
HUMAN EMBRYOLOGY
VOLUME II
ORGANOGENESIS
by
H. TUCHMANN-DUPLESSIS, M. D., Ph. D.
Professor, University of Paris Medical School
Paris, France
P. HAEGEL, M. D.
Assistant Professor, University of Paris Medical School
Paris, France
TRANSLA TED BY
LUCILLE S. HURLEY, Ph. D.
Professor University of California, Davis, California
SPRINGER-VERLAG CHAPMAN & HALL MASSON & 0', EDITEURS
NEW YORK LONDON PARIS
H)/4
SECOND PRINTIN(;
ISBN 978-0-387-90019-3 ISBN 978-1-4684-6249-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4684-6249-4
© 1972 by Masson and Company. Copyright under the International
Copyright Union. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright.
No part of it may be duplicated or reproduced in any manner without written
permission from the publisher. Library of Congress Catalog Card number
72177 236.
INTRODUCTION
E
MBRl'OLOGl' studies the succession of transformations undergone by the fertilized
egg in the formation of a new individual. Development of the embryo is directed
by morphogenetic mechanisms ruled by a strict chronology. Survival of the egg,
its -transport in the genital tract, and the adaptation of the maternal organism to its
presence are controlled by hormonal actions.
Knowledge of these subjects is proving to be increasingly important for the medical
practitioner. Such information helps to explain anatomic correlations; organ relation
ships also illuminate the etiology of numerous pathologic conditions. Disturbances of
prenatal development engender congenital malformations and constitute an important
cause of perinatal mortality and postnatal morbidity.
We are gratef'ul to numerous student.~ and colleagues whose cooperation has aided
preparation of this book.
THE AUTHORS.
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE
Translation of this work was undertaken in order to make available in English
this excellent and unusual aid for the teaching arid study of mammalian, primarily
human, embryology.
This hook emphasizes visual presentations. It combines the use of exceptionally
clear and instructive drawings with photomicrographs and concise but complete text
111 an exposition of the dynamic aspects of development.
Thus, the three volumes of this book will be of help in preparation and review
for students, research workers, medical practitioners such as obstetricians and pedia
tricians, and-others who are concerned with embryology. Analysis of the precise timing
of various stages of human development makes it especially useful for all who are
interested in the study and prevention of congenital malformations.
LUCILLE S. HllRLEY.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION v
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE ..................•....•......••.....•......••......••......•. VI
Skeleton and muscles ....................................................... ,...... 2
Development of mesoderm (2). Somite derivatives (3), Development of the vertebral
column (4). Development of myotome (6). Limb primordia (7). Limb dewlopment (8).
Limb rotation (10). Limb malformations (11).
Face and stomodeum ............................................................... 12
Facial swellings (12). Development of nasal fossae (14). Development of the palate (Hi).
Definitive palate (18). Malformations of the face (20).
Digestive system ................................................................ . . . . 22
Review of early development (22). Principal stages (23).
ANTERIOR GUT ..........••.•••.•..........•.•.••••..•...•...................... 24
Pharyngeal gut (24); Branchial arches (26); Pharyngeal clefts (27); Pharyngeal
. pouches (28); Development of the thyroid (30). Esophagus and stomach (32).
Liver and pancreas (34).
MIDGUT 3(j
Primitive gut-loop (36). Rotation of intestinal loop (37). Intestinal malforma
tions (38).
VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS
HINDGUT ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••.•••. •.••••••... ••••••• 40
Subdivision of cloaca (40). Rectulll and anal membrane (41). Anorectal malfor
mation'S (42).
Respiratory system ................................................................. 44
Tracheobronchial development (44). Development of pulmonary pril11f)rdia (46). Mal
formations of respiratory system (48).
Urinary system ..................................................................... 50
Intermediate plate (50). "Nephrogenic cord (5l). Development of nephrogenic cord (52).
Pronephros (53). Mesonephros or Wolffian body (54). Anatomic relationships of
mesonephros (56). Regression of Wolffian body (58). Differentiation of metanephros
(59). Ureteric bud (60). Metanephric blastema (62). Definitive kideney (64). Urinary
portion of urogenital sinus (66). Malformations of urinary system (68): Horseshoe
kidney (68), Polycystic kidney (69), Renal duplications (70), Congenital hydrone
phroses (71).
Genital system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
PHIMITI\'E GE;IIITAL SYSTEM .........................•......•...•........•...•...• 72
Primordial germ cells (72). Gonadal primordium (73). Indifferent gonad (74).
First urogenital connections (75). Primitive genital tracts (76).
:\1ALE GEl\ITAL SYSTEM •....•.•••••............•.•...••.•..••••••.••••••••••••••.• 78
Testicular differentiation (78). Differentiation of male genital tracts (80); \;pper
portion (80); Lower portion of male genital tract (82); External male .~enital
organs (84); Testicular migration (87).
FEMALE HEl\ITAL SYSTEM .•....•..•..•..•.•.•.••....•.•.••.••...••••..•••..••.•••• 88
Ovarian differentiation (88). Differentiation of female genital tracts (90); Upper
portion (92); Ovarian migration (94); Lower portion of genital tracts (96);
External female genital organs (98).
SEXl'AL DIFFEREl\TIATIOl\ .•....................•.•...•••.•...••••.•••..•..•••..•• 100
Genetic and hormonal factors (100). Sexual anomalies of. genetic and hormonal
origi n (101). :\1alformations of genital system (102): Uerovaginal malformations
(102), :\Iixed urogenital malformations (103).
Circulatory system .................................................................. 104
Primitive blood islands (104). Hematopoiesis (106):
Development of the circulatory system (108).
Development of the heart (110); Cardiac tube (110); Auriculoventricular septation
(112); I ilterauricular septation (114); Interventricular septation (116); Principal
stages of cardiac development (118).
Primitive circulatory networks (120).
Development of the arterial system (122); in the posterior region (123); in the middle
region (123); in the anterior region: the aortic arches (124).
Development of the venous system (126); Primitive venous networks (126); Develop
ment of the superior vena cava (127); Development of the inferior vena cava (128);
Development of the portal system (130).
Circlliatory changes at birth (132).
Malformations of the heart and the great vessels (134). Complex cardiac malforma
tions (136).
TABLE OF CONTENTS IX
Ectodermal derivatives .............................................................. 138
Skin and integumentary structures (138). Mammary glands (139). Development of the
teeth (140). Definitive architecture of the tooth (142). Development of the salivary
glands (144). Development of anterior hypophysis (146). Definitive architecture of
anterior hypophysis (148).
I:-ODEX ••..•.•..•....••••.••.••.•...•••••••....•.•••.••.••••••••.••...•...•.••••••.• 151