Organizing through Empathy

246 Pages·2013·1.323 MB·English

by  Kathryn Pavlovich, Keiko Krahnke

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Managing Corporate Values in Diverse National Cultures h

The Challenge of Differences E
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Philippe d’Iribarne
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Gossip and Organizations t
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Kathryn Waddington y
Leadership as Emotional Labour
Management and the ‘Managed Heart’
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On Being At Work ite
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The Social Construction of the Employee

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Storytelling in Management Practice th
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Organizing through Empathy

Empathy dissolves the boundaries between self and others, and feelings of altruism
toward others are activated. This process results in more compassionate and caring
contexts, as well as helping others in times of suffering. This book provides evidence
from neuroscience and quantum physics that it is empathy that connects human-
ity, and that this awareness can create a more just society. It extends interest in
values-based management, exploring the intellectual, physical, ecological, spiritual,
and aesthetic well-being of organizations and society rather than the more common
management principles of maximizing profi t and effi ciency.
This book challenges the existing paradigm of capitalism by providing scien-
tifi c evidence and empirical data that empathy is the most important organizing
mechanism. The book is unique in that it provides a comprehensive review of the
transformational qualities of empathy in personal, organizational, and local con-
texts. Integrating an understanding based upon scientifi c studies of why the fi elds of
positive psychology and organizational scholarship are important, it examines the
evidence from neuroscience and presents leading-edge studies from quantum physics
with implications for the organizational fi eld. Together the chapters in this book
attempt to demonstrate how empathy helps in the reduction of human suffering and
the creation of a more just society.
Kathryn Pavlovich is Associate Professor at the University of Waikato, New Zea-
land. She has a special interest in conscious capitalism, enterprise, self-leadership,
ethics, and spirituality. She has authored more than 80 internationally refereed pub-
lications, including articles in L ONG RANGE PLANNING, JOURNAL OF BUSINESS ETHICS ,
TOURISM MANAGEMENT , and BEST PAPER PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF MANAGE-
MENT . Kathryn is currently on the fi ve-year chair track of the U.S.-based Academy of
Management’s Spirituality and Religion Division.
Keiko Krahnke is Associate Professor at the University of Northern Colorado. She
has research interest in empathy, systems thinking, ethics, and spirituality. Keiko’s
recent publications include an article in J OURNAL OF BUSINESS ETHICS , and B EST PAPER
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF MANAGEMENT . She has served as Chair of Manage-
ment, Spirituality and Religion at the Academy of Management.
“This book presents a comprehensive, interesting, and unique approach to the
important area of empathy—an area deserving of more attention. I particularly ap-
preciate its interdisciplinary approach, its emphasis on both individuals and organi-
zations, and the multicultural and international perspectives in the book”.
— Jerry Biberman (University of Scranton, US)
Routledge Studies in Management, Organizations, and Society
This series presents innovative work grounded in new realities, addressing
issues crucial to an understanding of the contemporary world. This is the
world of organized societies, where boundaries between formal and infor-
mal, public and private, local and global organizations have been displaced
or have vanished, along with other nineteenth-century dichotomies and op-
positions. Management, apart from becoming a specialized profession for
a growing number of people, is an everyday activity for most members of
modern societies.
Similarly, at the level of enquiry, culture and technology, and literature
and economics, can no longer be conceived as isolated intellectual fi elds;
conventional canons and established mainstreams are contested. Manage-
ment, Organization and Society addresses these contemporary dynamics of
transformation in a manner that transcends disciplinary boundaries, with
books that will appeal to researchers, students, and practitioners alike.
1 Gender and Entrepreneurship 7 Management and the
An Ethnographic Approach Dominance of Managers
Attila Bruni, Silvia Gherardi, and An Inquiry into Why and
Barbara Poggio How Managers Rule Our
Organizations
2 Understanding Organization Thomas Diefenbach
as Process
Theory for a Tangled World 8 International Management and
Tor Hernes International Relations
A Critical Perspective from Latin
3 Time in Organizational Research America
Edited by Robert A. Roe, Mary J. Edited by Ana Guedes and Alex
Waller, and Stewart R. Clegg Faria
4 Effi ciency and Management 9 Visual Culture in Organizations
Guy Callender Theory and Cases
Alexander Styhre
5 Values-Based Service for
Sustainable Business 10 Style Differences in Cognition,
Lessons from IKEA Learning, and Management
Bo Edvardsson and Bo Enquist Theory, Research, and Practice
Stephen Rayner and Eva Cools
6 The Public Services under
Reconstruction 11 Storytelling and the Future of
Client Experiences, Professional Organizations
Practices, Managerial Control An Antenarrative Handbook
Marja Gastelaars Edited by David Boje
12 Pluralism in Management: 18 Organizations and the
Organizational Theory, Bioeconomy
Management Education, and The Management and Commodi-
Ernst Cassirer fi cation of the Life Sciences
Eirik J. Irgens Alexander Styhre
13 Why Organizational Change 19 Managing Corporate Values in
Fails Diverse National Cultures
Robustness, Tenacity, The Challenge of Differences
and Change in Organizations Philippe d’Iribarne
Leike Van Oss and Jaap Van
’T Hek 20 Gossip and Organizations
Kathryn Waddington
14 Imagining Organization
Performative Imagery in Business 21 Leadership as Emotional
and Beyond Labour
Edited by Paolo Quattrone, Management and the ‘Managed
Francois-Regis Puyou, Heart’
Chris McLean, and Edited by Marian Iszatt-White
Nigel Thrift
22 On Being At Work
15 Gender Equity in Science and The Social Construction of the
Engineering Employee
Advancing Change in Higher Nancy Harding
Education
By Diana Bilimoria and Xiangfen 23 Storytelling in Management
Liang Practice
Dynamics and Implications
16 Commitment to Work and Job Stefanie Reissner and Victoria
Satisfaction Pagan
Studies of Work Orientations
Edited by Bengt Furåker, 24 Hierarchy and Organisation
Kristina Håkansson, and Toward a General Theory of
Jan Ch. Karlsson Hierarchical Social Systems
Thomas Diefenbach
17 Fair Trade Organizations and
Social Enterprise 25 Organizing Through
Social Innovation through Hybrid Empathy
Organization Models Edited by Kathryn Pavlovich and
Benjamin Huybrechts Keiko Krahnke
Other titles in this series:
Contrasting Involvements Gender, Identity and the Culture of
A study of management Organizations
accounting practices in Edited by Iiris Aaltio and Albert J.
Britain and Germany Mills
Thomas Ahrens
Text/Work
Turning Words, Spinning Worlds Representing organization and
Chapters in organizational organizing representation
ethnography Edited by Stephen Linstead
Michael Rosen
The Social Construction of
Breaking Through the Glass Ceiling Management
Women, power and leadership in Texts and identities
agricultural organizations Nancy Harding
Margaret Alston
Management Theory
A critical and refl exive reading
The Poetic Logic of Administration
Nanette Monin
Styles and changes of style in the art
of organizing
Kaj Sköldberg
Casting the Other
Maintaining gender inequalities in the
workplace
Edited by Barbara Czarniawska and
Heather Höpfl
Organizing Through Empathy
Edited by Kathryn Pavlovich and
Keiko Krahnke
First published 2014
by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Simultaneously published in the UK
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group,
an informa business
© 2014 Taylor & Francis
The right of the editors to be identifi ed as the author of the editorial material,
and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in
accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act
1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from
the publishers.
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registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and explanation
without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Organizing through empathy / edited by Kathryn Pavlovich and Keiko Krahnke.
pages cm. — (Routledge studies in management, organizations, and society ; 25)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Organizational effectiveness. 2. Empathy. 3. Interpersonal
relations. 4. Leadership—Moral and ethical aspects. I. Pavlovich,
Kathryn. II. Krahnke, Keiko.
HD58.9.O746 2013
658.4'094—dc23
2013005593
ISBN: 978-0-415-84411-6 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-203-75403-0 (ebk)
Typeset in Sabon
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
Contents
List of Figures ix
List of Table xi
Introduction 1
KATHRYN PAVLOVICH AND KEIKO KRAHNKE
PART I
Contemplative Approaches to Empathy
1 Consciousness, Empathy, and the Brain 17
DENNIS P. HEATON AND FRED TRAVIS
2 The Source of Empathy in Our Lives: An Explanatory
Journey into the Realm of Spirituality 34
DUNIA HARAJLI BERRY AND VASSILI JOANNIDÈS
3 Empathy, Self-Other Differentiation, and Mindfulness Training 49
PAUL W. B. ATKINS
4 A Conceptione . . . 71
JOANNA BETH TWEEDY
PART II A
Applied Approaches to Empathy: Leadership
5 Working through the Past: How Personal History
Infl uences Leaders’ Emotions and Capacity for Empathy 75
VERONIKA KISFALVI
6 Empathy: A Leadership Quintessential 93
SAMUEL M. NATALE, ANTHONY F. LIBERTELLA, AND CAROLINE J. DORAN
viii Contents
PART II B
Applied Approaches to Empathy: Decision Making
7 Ethical Decision Making in Organizations:
The Role of Empathy 115
EMMANUELLE P. KLEINLOGEL AND JOERG DIETZ
8 The ACES Decision-Making Technique
as a Reframing Tool for Increasing Empathy 130
LARRY E. PATE AND TRACI L.SHOBLOM
PART II C
Applied Approaches to Empathy: Contextual
9 Predicting Empathy in Medical Students and Doctors 147
DON MUNRO, DAVID POWIS, AND MILES BORE
10 The Caring Climate: How Sport Environments
Can Develop Empathy in Young People 166
LORI A. GANO-OVERWAY
11 . . . Ad Floridam 184
JOANNA BETH TWEEDY
12 Transcendent Empathy: The Ability to See the Larger System 185
PETER SENGE AND KEIKO KRAHNKE
Bibliography 203
Contributors 229
Figures
7.1 Empathy and ethical decision making 116
8.1 The progression from self-awareness to prosocial behavior 135
8.2 The ACES decision-making technique 138
8.3 The role of the ACES decision-making technique
in developing self-awareness 139
8.4 ACES and the development of empathy 140
9.1 Behaviors associated with Libertarianism—Communitarianism
and involvement-detachment 158