Organic Waste Recycling: Technology and Management

600 Pages·2017·15.426 MB·English

by  Polprasert, Chongrak

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Organic Waste Recycling
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TECHNOLOGY, MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY n
TECHNOLOGY, MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY
4TH EDITION i
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Chongrak Polprasert and Thammarat Koottatep 4TH EDITION
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This fourth edition of Organic Waste Recycling is fully updated with new material
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to create a comprehensive and accessible textbook:
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• New chapter on Constructed wetlands for wastewater and faecal sludge stabilization
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• New sections on: Waste recycling vs. climate change and water; Faecal sludge
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and its characteristics; and Hydrothermal carbonization technology; as well as
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• New case studies with emphasis on practices in both developed and developing
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countries have been included; along with more exercises at the end of chapters
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to help the readers understand the technical principles and their application
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• Novel concepts and strategies of waste management are presented n
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• Up-to-date research findings and innovative technologies of waste recycling
program are provided
This textbook is intended for undergraduate and graduate students majoring in
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policy makers who conduct research and practices in the related fields. It is essential r
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ISBN: 9781780408200 (Paperback)
ISBN: 9781780408217 (eBook)
Organic Waste Recycling

Organic Waste Recycling
Technology, Management and Sustainability
Fourth Edition
Chongrak Polprasert
Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand
Thammarat Koottatep
Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
Published by IWA Publishing
Alliance House
12 Caxton Street
London SW1H 0QS, UK
Telephone: [phone]
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Email: [email protected]
Web: www.iwapublishing.com
First published 2017
© 2017 IWA Publishing
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this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for errors or omissions that may be made.
Disclaimer
The information provided and the opinions given in this publication are not necessarily those of IWA and should not
be acted upon without independent consideration and professional advice. IWA and the Editors and Authors will not
accept responsibility for any loss or damage suffered by any person acting or refraining from acting upon any material
contained in this publication.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 9781780408200 (Paperback)
ISBN: 9781780408217 (eBook)
Contents
About the authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv
Abbreviations and symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi
Atomic weight and number of elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Conversion factors for SI units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxii
Chapter 1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Problems and Need for Organic Waste Recycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Objectives and Scope of Organic Waste Recycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.1 Agricultural reuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.2 Bioenergy production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.3 Aquacultural reuses .............................................. 7
1.2.4 Organic wastewater reuse ......................................... 8
1.3 Integrated and Alternative Technologies .................................... 9
1.3.1 Kamol Kij Co. Rice Mill Complex and Kirikan Farm, Thailand
(Ullah, 1979) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.3.2 Maya farms, the Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3.3 Werribee farm, Australia .......................................... 13
1.3.4 Public toilet with biogas plant, Naivasha, Kenya ........................ 14
1.3.5 Cogeneration at Rayong municipality, Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.4 Feasibility and Social Acceptance of Waste Recycling ......................... 16
1.5 Waste, Water, Climate Change and Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.7 Exercises ........................................................... 22
vi Organic Waste Recycling
Chapter 2
Composition and characteristics of organic wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2 Human Wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.2.1 Wastewater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2.2 Faecal and wastewater sludge .................................... 26
2.3 Organic Solid Wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.4 Agricultural Wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.4.1 Agricultural wastes management systems – case study ................. 36
2.5 Agro – Industrial Wastes ................................................ 37
2.5.1 Tapioca industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.5.2 Palm oil industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.5.3 Sugar industry .................................................. 47
2.5.4 Brewing industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.5.5 Meat and poultry products industry .................................. 51
2.5.6 Fish and fisheries products industry ................................. 61
2.5.7 Fruit and vegetable industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.6 Pollution Associated with Organic Wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.7 Health Impact of Organic Waste Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.7.1 Indicator organisms ............................................. 69
2.8 Sustainability Strategies for Organic Waste Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
2.8.1 Life cycle assessment (LCA) ...................................... 79
2.8.2 Pollution Prevention (P2) ......................................... 82
2.8.3 Cleaner production (CP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
2.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
2.10 Exercises ........................................................... 103
Chapter 3
Composting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.1 Uses and Application .................................................. 107
3.2 Physical and Biochemical Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.3 Microbiology of Composting ............................................ 113
3.4 Environmental Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
3.4.1 Nutrient balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
3.4.2 Particle size and structural support of compost pile .................... 118
3.4.3 Moisture control ................................................ 119
3.4.4 Aeration requirements ........................................... 123
3.4.5 Temperature and pH ............................................ 124
3.5 Composting Maturity .................................................. 125
3.6 Composting Systems and Design Criteria .................................. 126
3.6.1 Composting toilets .............................................. 127
3.6.2 Windrow composting ............................................ 133
3.6.3 In-vessel systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
3.6.4 Horizontal In-vessel system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Contents vii
3.7 Public Health Aspects of Composting ..................................... 142
3.7.1 Die-offs of primary pathogens .................................... 142
3.7.2 Health risks from secondary pathogens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
3.8 Utilization of Composted Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
3.8.1 Utilization as fertilizer and soil conditioner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
3.8.2 Utilization as feed for fish ........................................ 149
3.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
3.10 Exercises ........................................................... 154
Chapter 4
Bioenergy production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
4.1 Biofuels ............................................................ 160
4.2 Bioethanol ......................................................... 164
4.2.1 Bioethanol production ........................................... 165
4.2.2 Bioethanol production process .................................... 166
4.2.3 Case studies of ethanol production ................................. 169
4.3 Biomethanol ......................................................... 169
4.4 Biodiesel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
4.4.1 Process technologies for biodiesel production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
4.4.2 Case studies of biodiesel production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
4.5 Biogas Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
4.5.1 Benefits and limitations of biogas technology ......................... 177
4.5.2 Anaerobic digestion (AD) process .................................. 179
4.5.3 Environmental requirements for anaerobic digestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
4.5.4 Operation and types of biogas digesters ........................... 190
4.5.5 Biogas production .............................................. 211
4.5.6 End uses of biogas and digested slurry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
4.5.7 Case studies of biogas production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
4.6 Hydrothermal Carbonization Process ..................................... 221
4.6.1 Hydrochar characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
4.6.2 Environmental and energy requirements ........................... 226
4.6.3 Mechanisms of hydrothermal carbonization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
4.6.4 Hydrochar production and yields .................................. 233
4.6.5 A case study of industrial-scale HTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
4.6.6 Applications of hydrochar ....................................... 235
4.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
4.8 Exercises ........................................................... 249
Chapter 5
Algal production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
5.1 Algae Classification .................................................. 253
5.2 Benefits, Objectives and Limitations ...................................... 257
5.2.1 Wastewater treatment and nutrient recycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
5.2.2 Bioconversion of solar energy .................................... 258
5.2.3 Pathogen destruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
viii Organic Waste Recycling
5.3 Algal-Based Wastewater Treatment Systems .............................. 259
5.3.1 Open pond systems ............................................ 261
5.3.2 Closed photobioreactors systems ................................. 268
5.3.3 Immobilized systems ............................................ 272
5.4 Environmental Requirments ............................................ 274
5.4.1 Carbon and nutrients ............................................ 274
5.4.2 Dissolved oxygen (DO) .......................................... 275
5.4.3 Light and temperature ........................................... 276
5.4.4 pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
5.4.5 Inhibitory substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
5.4.6 Biotic factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
5.5 Process Design and Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
5.5.1 Depth ....................................................... 280
5.5.2 Hydraulic retention time (HRT) .................................... 281
5.5.3 BOD loading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
5.5.4 Mixing and recirculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
5.6 Algal Harvesting Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
5.6.1 Filtration and screening ......................................... 290
5.6.2 Centrifugation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
5.6.3 Coagulation/flocculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
5.6.4 Sedimentation ................................................ 297
5.6.5 Flotation ..................................................... 297
5.6.6 Drying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
5.7 Utilization of Wastewater-Grown Algae ................................... 300
5.7.1 Algae as food and feed ......................................... 300
5.7.2 Algae for fertilizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
5.7.3 Algae for biofuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
5.7.4 Algae as source of chemicals/pharmaceuticals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
5.7.5 Algae as a future life support technology ........................... 308
5.8 Public Health and Safety .............................................. 308
5.8.1 Public health risks management .................................. 309
5.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
5.10 Exercises .......................................................... 326
Chapter 6
Fish, chitin, and chitosan production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
6.1 Objectives, Benefits and Limitations ...................................... 331
6.1.1 Waste stabilization, nutrient and resource recycling ................... 332
6.1.2 Improved wastewater effluent quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
6.1.3 Better food conversion ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
6.1.4 Operational skill and maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
6.2 Waste-Fed Aquaculture ............................................... 334
6.2.1 Waste-fed aquaculture fish feeding habits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
6.2.2 Biological food chains in waste-fed ponds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
6.2.3 Biochemical reactions in waste-fed ponds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Contents ix
6.3 Classification of Waste-Fed Aquaculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
6.3.1 Integrated systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
6.3.2 Intensive systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345
6.4 Environmental Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
6.4.1 Light ......................................................... 347
6.4.2 Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
6.4.3 Dissolved oxygen (DO) .......................................... 347
6.4.4 Ammonia concentration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
6.4.5 pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
6.4.6 Carbon dioxide ............................................... 352
6.4.7 Hydrogen sulfide (H S) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
2
6.4.8 Heavy metals and pesticides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352
6.4.9 Stocking density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353
6.5 Design Criteria ...................................................... 354
6.5.1 Organic loading, DO and fish yield models .......................... 354
6.5.2 Fish culture and stocking density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358
6.5.3 Water supply ................................................. 360
6.5.4 Pond size .................................................... 360
6.5.5 Pond arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
6.5.6 Case studies ................................................. 363
6.6 Chitin and Chitosan .................................................. 368
6.6.1 Chitin ....................................................... 369
6.6.2 Chitosan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
6.6.3 Case study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
6.7 Utilization of Fish, Chitin and Chitosan ................................... 377
6.7.1 Utilization of waste-fed aquaculture fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
6.7.2 Utilization of chitin and chitosan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379
6.8 Public Health and Safety .............................................. 384
6.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
6.10 Exercises .......................................................... 398
Chapter 7
Aquatic weeds and their utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
7.1 Objectives, Benefits, and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400
7.1.1 Objectives ................................................... 400
7.1.2 Benefits ..................................................... 400
7.1.3 Limitations .................................................... 401
7.2 Major Types and Functions ............................................. 401
7.2.1 Submerged type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
7.2.2 Floating type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403
7.2.3 Emergent type ................................................ 403
7.3 Weed Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
7.3.1 Water content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
7.3.2 Protein content ............................................... 404
7.3.3 Mineral content ............................................... 406
7.3.4 Miscellaneous ................................................ 406