Organic Waste Recycling

538 Pages·2007·8.74 MB·English

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This book covers the principles and practices of technologies for the control g Organic Waste Recycling
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of pollution originating from organic wastes (e.g. human faeces and urine,
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wastewater, solid wastes, animal manure and agro-industrial wastes) and the i
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recycling of these organic wastes into valuable products such as fertilizer, W Technology and Management
biofuels, algal and fish protein and irrigated crops.
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Each recycling technology is described with respect to: t
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• Objectives
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• Benefits and limitations e
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Chongrak Polprasert
• Environmental requirements y
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• Design criteria of the process l
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• Use of the recycled products
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• Pubic health aspects
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This new edition, an update of the previous book, is a response to the n
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emerging environmental problems caused by rapid population growth and lo
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industrialization. It describes the current technology and management options y

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for organic waste recycling which are environmentally friendly, effective in n
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pollution control and yield valuable by-products. Every chapter has been revised M
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to include successful case studies, new references, design examples and n
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exercises. New sections added to the 3rd edition include: Millennium e
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development goals, waste minimization and cleaner production, methanol and e
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ethanol production, chitin and chitosan production, constructed wetlands, t
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management and institutional development. rd

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This is a textbook for environmental science, engineering and management it
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students who are interested in the current environmental problems and seeking n
solutions to the emerging issues. It should be a valuable reference book for
policy makers, planners and consultants working in the environmental fields.
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ISBN 184339121X ISBN 13: 9781843391210
6.14 x 9.21 6.14 x 9.21
1.099
Organic Waste Recycling
Technology and Management

Organic Waste Recycling
Technology and Management
Third Edition
Chongrak Polprasert
Environmental Engineering and Management Field
Asian Institute of Technology
Bangkok
Thailand
Published by IWA Publishing, Alliance House, 12 Caxton Street, London SW1H 0QS, UK
Telephone: [phone]; Fax: [phone]; Email: [email protected]
Web: www.iwapublishing.com
First published 2007
© 2007 IWA Publishing
Printed by Lightning Source
Cover design by www.designforpublishing.co.uk
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review,
as permitted under the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (1998), no part of this publication
may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior
permission in writing of the publisher, or, in the case of photographic reproduction, in accordance
with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance
with the terms of licenses issued by the appropriate reproduction rights organization outside the
UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to IWA
Publishing at the address printed above.
The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the
information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for
errors or omissions that may be made.
Disclaimer
The information provided and the opinions given in this publication are not necessarily those of
IWA and should not be acted upon without independent consideration and professional advice.
IWA and the Author will not accept responsibility for any loss or damage suffered by any person
acting or refraining from acting upon any material contained in this publication.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging- in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN: 184339121X
ISBN13: 9781843391210
Contents
Preface ix
Abbreviations and symbols xi
Atomic weight and number of elements xvi
Conversion factor for SI units xix

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Problems and need for waste recycling 1
1.2 Objectives and scope of organic waste recycling 6
1.3 Integrated and alternative technologies 9
1.4 Feasibility and social acceptance of waste recycling 17
1.5 References 19
1.6 Exercises 20

2 Characteristics of organic wastes 21
2.1 Human wastes 22
2.2 Animal wastes 28
iv Contents
2.3 Agro-industrial wastewaters 30
2.4 Pollution caused by human wastes and other wastewaters 54
2.5 Diseases associated with human and animal wastes 57
2.6 Cleaner production (CP) 72
2.7 References 83
2.8 Exercises 86

3 Composting 88
3.1 Objectives, benefits, and limitations of composting 89
3.2 Biochemical reactions 92
3.3 Biological succession 95
3.4 Environmental requirements 97
3.5 Composting maturity 109
3.6 Composting systems and design criteria 111
3.7 Public health aspects of composting 129
3.8 Utilization of composted products 134
3.9 References 140
3.10 Exercises 142

4 Biofuel production 145
4.1 Objectives, benefits, and limitations of biogas technology 147
4.2 Biochemical reactions and microbiology of anaerobic digestion 150
4.3 Environmental requirements for anaerobic digestion 158
4.4 Modes of operation and types of biogas digesters 162
4.5 Biogas production 185
4.6 End uses of biogas and digested slurry 199
4.7 Ethanol production 207
4.8 References 213
4.9 Exercises 215

5 Algae production 219
5.1 Objectives, benefits, and limitations 222
5.2 Algal production and high-rate algal ponds 225
5.3 Algal harvesting technologies 244
5.4 Utilization of waste-grown algae 251
5.5 Public health aspects and public acceptance 255
5.6 References 257
5.7 Exercises 259

6 Fish production 262
6.1 Objectives, benefits, and limitations 263
Contents v
6.2 Herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores 267
6.3 Biological food chains in waste-fed ponds 269
6.4 Biochemical reactions in waste-fed ponds 272
6.5 Environmental requirements and design criteria 274
6.6 Utilization of waste-grown fish 293
6.7 Public health aspects and public acceptance 295
6.8 Chitin and chitosan production 299
6.9 References 302
6.10 Exercises 305

7 Aquatic weeds and their utilization 308
7.1 Objectives, benefits, and limitations 309
7.2 Major types and functions 310
7.3 Weed composition 313
7.4 Productivity and problems caused by aquatic weeds 316
7.5 Harvesting, processing and uses 321
7.6 Food potential 330
7.7 Wastewater treatment using aquatic weeds 338
7.8 Health hazards relating to aquatic weeds 375
7.9 References 376
7.10 Exercises 379

8 Land treatment of wastewater 383
8.1 Objectives, benefits, and limitations 383
8.2 Wastewater renovation processes 384
8.3 Wastewater renovation mechanisms 399
8.4 System design and operation 407
8.5 Land treatment – design equations 418
8.6 System monitoring 430
8.7 Public health aspects and public acceptance 436
8.8 References 440
8.9 Exercises 441

9 Land treatment of sludge 445
9.1 Objectives, benefits, and limitations 446
9.2 Sludge transport and application procedures 450
9.3 System design and sludge application rates 454
9.4 Toxic compounds vs. crop growth 469
9.5 Microbiological aspects of sludge application on land 470
9.6 References 472
vi Contents
9.7 Exercises 473

10 Management of organic waste recycling program 476
10.1 Planning for waste recycling programs 476
10.2 Guidelines for technology and site selection 483
10.3 Institutional arrangements 486
10.4 Regulatory aspects 488
10.5 Monitoring and control of facility performance 501
10.6 Case studies of waste recycling management program 503
10.7 References 507
10.8 Exercises 508

Index 509
Preface
As the world population is projected to increase from the current number of 6
billions to 9 billions in the year 2050, the amount of organic wastes generated
from human, animal and agricultural activities would also increase, causing
more pollution problems to the environment. The Millennium Development
Goals call for actions on environmental protection, sustainable development and
poverty alleviation. Despite a lot of efforts from the national and international
agencies, waste treatment alone will not be able to respond effectively to the
challenges.
The book presents new concept and strategy of waste management which
combines technologies of waste treatment and recycling and emphasizing the
benefits to be gained from use of the recycled products. These technologies such
as composting, fermentation, algal photosynthesis, and natural treatment
systems are cost-effective, bring economic returns and are applicable to most
countries, in particular those located in the tropical areas. They are considered as
sustainable technologies which, if properly applied, should be an effective tool
in responding to the Millennium Development Goals.
In the third edition, I have included up-to-date information on organic waste
recycling technologies and more case studies of successful organic waste