Organic Matter and Mineralisation: Thermal Alteration, Hydrocarbon Generation and Role in Metallogenesis PDF
Preview Organic Matter and Mineralisation: Thermal Alteration, Hydrocarbon Generation and Role in Metallogenesis
Organic Matter and Mineralisation: Thermal Alteration, Hydrocarbon Generation and Role in Metallogenesis Organic Matter and Mineralisation: Thermal Alteration, Hydrocarbon Generation and Role in Metallogenesis Edited by M. Glikson The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia M. Mastalerz Indiana University, Bloomington, USA SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 978-90-481-4019-0 ISBN 978-94-015-9474-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-015-9474-5 Cover illustration: Simplified model for a possible scenario where hydrothermal processes are predominant in hydrocarbon generation through convective heat transfer. Mineral-laden brines and hydrocarbons use common fluid pathways. Minerals and bitumen (oil residue) are co-deposited. Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000 Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 2000 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission from the copyright owner. Table of Contents List of Contributors viii Introduction 'Soft-rock' petroleum-type approach to exploration for 'hard-rock' minerals 1 in sedimentary basins D. Taylor Part I: PROCESSES AND INDICATORS IN ORGANIC-METAL INTERACTION 1 Alteration and migration processes of organic matter in hydrothermal systems and implications for metallogenesis 13 B.R. T. Simoneit 2 Paragenesis of gold- and hydrocarbon-bearing fluids in gold deposits 38 J. Parnell, A. McCready 3 Trace elements and Sr isotopic composition of waters from the Great Artesian Basin of Australia: Implications for the formation of ore deposits and hydrocarbon resources 53 M. Gasparon, K.D. Collerson Part II: PROTEROZOIC ORGANIC-METAL INTERACTIONS 4 Nature of organic matter in the early Proterozoic, earliest life forms and metal associations 66 M. Glikson, D. Taylor 5 Organic and mineral matter in a Precambrian shungite deposit from Karelia, Russia 102 M. Mastalerz, M. Glikson, B.A. Stankiewicz, I.B. Volkova, R.M. Bustin 6 Influence of basin fill architecture on fluid flow and ore genesis in the Mount Isa Basin, Northern Australia 120 B.A. McConachie, J.F. Lindsay, M. Glikson 7 Metallogenesis and hydrocarbon generation in northern Mount Isa Basin, Australia; Implications for ore grade mineralization 149 M. Glikson, M. Mastalerz, S.D. Golding, B.A. McConachie v Table of Contents Part III: PALAEOZOIC: HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEMS AND SEDIMENT-HOSTED ORE BODIES 8 Volcanic and post-volcanic hydrothermal activity in the Intrasudetic Basin, SW Poland: Implications for mineralization 185 K. Mastalerz, M. Mastalerz 9 Organic matter and metal enrichment in black shales of the Illinois Basin, USA 203 E.M. Ripley, N.R. Shaffer 10 Organic matter from Zechstein copper deposits (Kupferschiefer) in Poland 220 Z. Sawlowicz, AP. Gize, M. Rospondek 11 Metalloporphyrin composition and a model for the early diagenetic mineralization of the Permian Kupferschiefer, SW Poland 243 F. Czechowski 12 The carbonate-hosted base-metal sulphide Polaris deposit in the Canadian Arctic: Organic matter alteration and clay diagenesis 260 Y. Heroux, A Chagnon, K. Dewing, H.R. Rose 13 Nature and source of carbonate mineralization in Bowen Basin coals, Eastern Australia 296 S.D. Golding, K.D. Collerson, l. T. Uysal, M. Glikson, K. Baublys, J.x. Zhao 14 Minerals in coal 314 J.D. Saxby 15 Mineralization in eastern Australia coals: A function of oil generation and primary migration 329 M. Glikson, S.D. Golding, C.J. Boreham, J.D. Saxby Part IV: MESOZOIC TO RECENT 16 Implications of hydrocarbons in gold-bearing epithermal systems: Selected examples from the Canadian Cordillera 359 M. Mastalerz, R.M. Bustin, AJ. Sinclair, B.A. Stankiewicz, M.L. Thomson 17 The association of gold-mercury mineralization and hydrocarbons in the coastal ranges of northern California 378 R. Sherlock vi Table of Contents 18 Thermal history of selected sedimentary basins in an island arc: evidence from organic matter and fluid inclusions 400 J. Aizawa 19 Nannobacteria, fiction or fact? 421 P.J.R. Uwins, AP. Taylor, R.l. Webb Part V 20 Summary and Future Directions 445 M. Glikson, M. Mastalerz Index 447 Vll List of Contributors Dr. J. Aizawa Dr. F. Czechowski Department of Geology, Faculty of Wroclaw University of Technology Science Institute of Organic Chemistry, Fukuoka University Biochemistry and Biotechnology Fukuoka 814-01 27 Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego Japan 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland Dr. K. Dewing Dr. K. Baublys H.A. Simons Ltd. Department of Earth Sciences 350 10333 Southport Road S.W. University of Queensland Calgary, Alberta T2W 3X6 Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Canada Australia Dr. M. Gasparon Dept. of Earth Sciences Dr. C.J. Boreham University of Queensland AGSO (Australian Geological Survey Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Organization) Australia GPO Box 378 Canberra ACT 2601 Dr. A. Gize Australia Department of Geology University of Manchester Dr. R.M. Bustin Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL The University of British Columbia United Kingdom Department of Geological Sciences Dr. M. Glikson 6339 Stores Road Department of Earth Sciences Vancouver, BC V6T lZ4 University of Queensland Canada Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Australia Dr. A. Chagnon Institute National de la Recherche Dr. S.D. Golding Scientifique INRS Georessources Department of Earth Sciences Universite du Quebec University of Queensland 2700 Rue Einstein Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Case Postal 7500 Australia Sainte-Foy, Quebec GIV 4C7 Dr. Y. Heroux Canada Institute National de la Recherche Scientifique INRS Georessources Dr. K.D. Collerson Universite du Quebec Dept. of Earth Sciences 2700 Rue Einstein University of Queensland Case Postal 7500 Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Sainte-Foy, Quebec GIV 4C7 Australia Canada viii List of Contributors Dr. K. Mastalerz Dr. E. Ripley Department of Geological Sciences Department of Geological Sciences Wroclaw University 1005 10th Street 1 Plac Universytecki Indiana University 50-137 Wroclaw, Poland Bloomington, IN 47405-5101 USA Dr. J. Lindsay Minerals Division Dr. H.R. Rose Australian Geological Survey Center for Material Technology Organization Department of Chemistry GPO Box 378 University of Technology Canberra P.O. Box 123 2601 ACT, Australia Broadway, Sydney NSW2007 Dr. B. McConachie Australia SANTOS Asia Pacific Pty Ltd. P.O. Box 138 Dr. J.D. Saxby Lutwyche, QLD 4030 CSIRO Division of Energy Technology Australia Riverside Corporate Park Dr. A. McCready P.O. Box 136 School of Geosciences North Ryde The Queen's University of Belfast NSW 2113 Belfast, BT7 INN Australia United Kingdom Dr. Z. Sawlowicz Dr. M. Mastalerz Institute of Geological Sciences Indiana Geological Survey Jagiellonian University Indiana University UI. Oleandry 2a Bloomington, NY 47405, USA 30-063 Krakow Poland Dr. J. Parnell Department of Geology and Petroleum Dr. N.R. Shaffer Geology Indiana Geological Survey, University of Aberdeen Indiana University Meston Building 611, North Walnut Grove Kings College, Aberdeen AB24 3UA Bloomington, IN 47405-2208 United Kingdom USA Dr. M. Rospondek Institute of Geological Sciences Dr. R. Sherlock Jagiellonian University SRK Consulting Oleandry 24 Suite 800 580 Hornby Street 30-063 Krakow Vancouver, BC V6C 3B6 Poland Canada ix List of Contributors Dr. B.RT. Simoneit Dr. P.J.R Uwins College of Oceanic & Atmospheric Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis Sciences The University of Queensland Oregon State University Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Corvallis, OR 97331 Australia USA Dr. T. Uysal Dr. AJ. Sinclair Department of Earth Sciences Department of Geological Sciences University of Queensland The University of British Columbia Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Vancouver, BC V6T IZ4 Australia Canada Dr. I.B. Volkova Dr. B.A Stankiewicz AP. Karpinski All-Union Geological University of Bristol, Research Institute (VSEGEI) Biogeochemistry Research Centre Srednij Prospect 74, Department of Geology 199026 St. Petersburg Wills Memorial Building, Queens Road Russia Bristol. B58 lRJ United Kingdom Dr. RI. Webb Department of Microbiology Dr. A Taylor The University of Queensland Department of Microbiology Brisbane, Queensland 4072 The University of Queensland Australia Brisbane, Queensland 4072 Australia Dr. J.x. Zhao Department of Earth Sciences Dr. D. Taylor University of Queensland ACT Exploration Pty, Ltd. Brisbane, Queensland 4072 106, Duffy Street, Ainslie Australia Australian Capital Territory 2602 Australia Dr. M.L. Thomson National Research Council Bldg M-20 IRC Ontario, Ottawa KIA OR6 Canada x Introduction A 'soft-rock' petroleum-type approach to exploration for 'hard-rock' minerals in sedimentary basins D. Taylor I. Introduction Several major groups of ore deposits are found as tabular, stratiform bodies or as cross cutting but essentially stratabound deposits within sedimentary basins. Important exam ples are oxide and carbonate ores of iron and manganese, copper and zinc-lead sulphides and gold-uranium deposits. Where the host basins have been strongly in verted and deeply eroded and the mineralized horizons brought to outcrop, the laterally extensive nature of the mineralization usually results in outcrop or subcrop of the ore itself. Direct detection by geological or geochemical prospecting is then possible. Major deposits also occur in basins which have not been strongly deformed and deeply eroded as non-outcropping sub-horizontal sheets (Polish Kupferschiefer deposits of the fore-Sudetic Monocline) or linear belts (Vibumam Trend, Missouri, Admiral Bay, NW Australia). I believe that both the Polish Kupferschiefer and Admiral Bay de posits were found by chance during oil and gas exploration, and deposits of this type are similar in attitude and dimensions to small-medium size oil and gasfields. There has been a generally sterile debate between 'syngenetic' and 'epigenetic' theor ists as to the origin of most of the deposits of the types being considered here. What is clear, however, is that the ores were developed during basin growth and filling stages or very early in the inversion process. This suggests that an exploration philosophy similar to that used to locate concealed oil and gas traps could be developed to explore little deformed basins for non-outcropping metal deposits. II. Exploration for Oil and Gas: The Philosophy The successful oil explorer Wallace Pratt stated long ago that 'where oil fields are really found is in the minds of men'. (Pratt, 1952). Oil exploration is firmly based on a well founded genetic theory. Oil is soured in a variety of sedimentary environments from source rocks which contain abundant hydrogen-rich organic debris. Oil is generated by the incongruent maturation of this organic matter over a temperature range from 60°C to 150°C during basin evolution and expelled from the source rock (primary migration) to migrate as a bulk hydrocarbon phase, with the much more abundant aqueous phase, through porous and permeable beds and structure (secondary migration) to be temporar ily retained by hydrodynamic forces in a trap. The essential features of a trap are a porous reservoir to contain the oil, an impermeable seal above the reservoir and closure to retain the buoyant oil below the seal. Timing is very important: the trap must be present when the oil is migrating, and traps which develop too late in the evolution of a basin will be barren. Traps and the oil in them may be destroyed by the continued M. Glikson and M. Mastalerz (eds.), Organic Matter and Mineralisation, 1-12. © 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
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