Organic Electronics PDF
Preview Organic Electronics
223 Advances in Polymer Science Editorial Board: · · · A. Abe A.-C. Albertsson K. Dušek W.H. de Jeu · · · H.-H. Kausch S. Kobayashi K.-S. Lee L. Leibler · · · T.E. Long I. Manners M. Möller O. Nuyken · · E.M. Terentjev M. Vicent B. Voit · G. Wegner U. Wiesner Advances in Polymer Science RecentlyPublishedandForthcomingVolumes OrganicElectronics PhotoresponsivePolymersI VolumeEditors:Meller,G.,Grasser,T. VolumeEditors:Marder,S.R.,Lee,K.-S. Vol.223,2010 Vol.213,2008 InclusionPolymers Polyfluorenes VolumeEditor:Wenz,G. VolumeEditors:Scherf,U.,Neher,D. Vol.222,2009 Vol.212,2008 AdvancedComputerSimulation ChromatographyforSustainablePolymeric ApproachesforSoftMatterSciencesIII Materials VolumeEditors:Holm,C.,Kremer,K. Renewable,DegradableandRecyclable Vol.221,2009 VolumeEditors:Albertsson,A.-C., Hakkarainen,M. Self-AssembledNanomaterialsII Vol.211,2008 Nanotubes VolumeEditor:Shimizu,T. WaxCrystalControl·Nanocomposites Vol.220,2008 Stimuli-ResponsivePolymers Vol.210,2008 Self-AssembledNanomaterialsI Nanofibers FunctionalMaterialsandBiomaterials VolumeEditor:Shimizu,T. Vol.209,2007 Vol.219,2008 Phase-SeparatedInterpenetratingPolymer InterfacialProcessesandMolecular Networks AggregationofSurfactants Authors:Lipatov,Y.S.,Alekseeva,T. VolumeEditor:Narayanan,R. Vol.208,2007 Vol.218,2008 HydrogenBondedPolymers NewFrontiersinPolymerSynthesis VolumeEditor:Binder,W. VolumeEditor:Kobayashi,S. Vol.207,2007 Vol.217,2008 Oligomers·PolymerComposites PolymersforFuelCellsII MolecularImprinting VolumeEditor:Scherer,G.G. Vol.206,2007 Vol.216,2008 PolysaccharidesII PolymersforFuelCellsI VolumeEditor:Klemm,D. VolumeEditor:Scherer,G.G. Vol.205,2006 Vol.215,2008 NeodymiumBasedZieglerCatalysts– PhotoresponsivePolymersII FundamentalChemistry VolumeEditors:Marder,S.R.,Lee,K.-S. VolumeEditor:Nuyken,O. Vol.214,2008 Vol.204,2006 Organic Electronics · Volume Editors: Gregor Meller Tibor Grasser With contributions by · · · M.A. Baldo S.D. Baranovskii H. Bässler D. Basu · · A. Dodabalapur E.V. Emelianova J.G. Grote · · A. Herasimovich G. Horowitz I. Hörselmann · · · · P.J. Jadhav F. Jansson H. Kosina L. Li B.N. Limketkai · · · C. Melzer R. Österbacka G. Paasch O. Rubel · · · N.S. Sariciftci S. Scheinert H. von Seggern T.B. Singh A. Troisi 123 Editors GregorMeller TiborGrasser TUWien TUWien Inst.Mikroelektronik Inst.Mikroelektronik Gußhausstraße27-29 Gußhausstraße27-29 1040Wien 1040Wien E-360 E-360 Austria Austria [email protected] [email protected] ISSN0065-3195 e-ISSN1436-5030 ISBN978-3-642-04537-0 e-ISBN978-3-642-04538-7 DOI10.1007/978-3-642-04538-7 SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009936785 (cid:2)c Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2010 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9, 1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violations areliabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. 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Coverdesign:WMXDesignGmbH,Heidelberg Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Volume Editors GregorMeller TiborGrasser TUWien TUWien Inst.Mikroelektronik Inst.Mikroelektronik Gußhausstraße27–29 Gußhausstraße27-29 1040Wien,E-360,Austria 1040Wien,E-360,Austria [email protected] [email protected] Editorial Board Prof.AkihiroAbe Prof.Hans-HenningKausch DepartmentofIndustrialChemistry EcolePolytechniqueFédéraledeLausanne TokyoInstituteofPolytechnics SciencedeBase 1583Iiyama,Atsugi-shi243-02,Japan Station6 [email protected] 1015Lausanne,Switzerland [email protected] Prof.A.-C.Albertsson Prof.ShiroKobayashi DepartmentofPolymerTechnology R&DCenterforBio-basedMaterials TheRoyalInstituteofTechnology KyotoInstituteofTechnology 10044Stockholm,Sweden Matsugasaki,Sakyo-ku [email protected] Kyoto606-8585,Japan [email protected] Prof.KarelDušek Prof.Kwang-SupLee InstituteofMacromolecularChemistry, Czech DepartmentofAdvancedMaterials AcademyofSciencesoftheCzechRepublic HannamUniversity HeyrovskýSq.2 561-6Jeonmin-Dong 16206Prague6,CzechRepublic Yuseong-Gu305-811 [email protected] Daejeon,SouthKorea [email protected] Prof.L.Leibler Prof.Dr.WimH.deJeu MatièreMolleetChimie PolymerScienceandEngineering EcoleSupérieuredePhysique UniversityofMassachusetts etChimieIndustrielles(ESPCI) 120GovernorsDrive 10rueVauquelin AmherstMA01003,USA 75231ParisCedex05,France [email protected] [email protected] VI EditorialBoard Prof.TimothyE.Long MariaJesusVicent,PhD CentrodeInvestigacionPrincipeFelipe DepartmentofChemistry MedicinalChemistryUnit andResearchInstitute PolymerTherapeuticsLaboratory VirginiaTech Av.AutopistadelSaler,16 2110HahnHall(0344) 46012Valencia,Spain Blacksburg,VA24061,USA [email protected] [email protected] Prof.IanManners Prof.BrigitteVoit SchoolofChemistry InstitutfürPolymerforschungDresden UniversityofBristol HoheStraße6 Cantock’sClose 01069Dresden,Germany BS81TSBristol,UK [email protected] [email protected] Prof.MartinMöller Prof.GerhardWegner DeutschesWollforschungsinstitut Max-Planck-Institut anderRWTHAachene.V. fürPolymerforschung Pauwelsstraße8 Ackermannweg10 52056Aachen,Germany 55128Mainz,Germany [email protected] [email protected] Prof.OskarNuyken LehrstuhlfürMakromolekulareStoffe Prof.UlrichWiesner TUMünchen MaterialsScience&Engineering Lichtenbergstr.4 CornellUniversity 85747Garching,Germany 329BardHall [email protected] Ithaca,NY14853,USA [email protected] Prof.E.M.Terentjev CavendishLaboratory MadingleyRoad CambridgeCB3OHE,UK [email protected] Advances in Polymer Sciences Also Available Electronically AdvancesinPolymerSciencesisincludedinSpringer’seBookpackageChemistry and Materials Science. If a library does not opt for the whole package the book seriesmaybeboughtonasubscriptionbasis.Also,allbackvolumesareavailable electronically. ForallcustomerswhohaveastandingordertotheprintversionofAdvancesin PolymerSciences,weoffertheelectronicversionviaSpringerLinkfreeofcharge. Ifyoudonothaveaccess,youcanstillviewthetableofcontentsofeachvolume andtheabstractofeacharticlebygoingtotheSpringerLinkhomepage,clickingon “ChemistryandMaterialsScience,”underSubjectCollection,then“BookSeries,” underContentTypeandfinallybyselectingAdvancesinPolymerSciences. Youwillfindinformationaboutthe – EditorialBoard – AimsandScope – InstructionsforAuthors – SampleContribution at springer.com using the search function by typing in Advances in Polymer Sciences. ColorfiguresarepublishedinfullcolorintheelectronicversiononSpringerLink. VIII AdvancesinPolymerSciencesAlsoAvailableElectronically Aimsand Scope AdvancesinPolymerSciencesreviewsactualtrendsinmodernbiotechnology. Its aim is to coverallaspects of this interdisciplinarytechnologywhereknowl- edge,methodsandexpertisearerequiredforchemistry,biochemistry,microbiology, genetics,chemicalengineeringandcomputerscience. Specialvolumesarededicatedtoselectedtopicswhichfocusonnewbiotechno- logicalproductsand new processes for their synthesis and purification.They give thestate-of-the-artofatopicinacomprehensivewaythusbeingavaluablesource forthenext3–5years.Italsodiscussesnewdiscoveriesandapplications. In general, special volumes are edited by well known guest editors. The series editor and publisher will however always be pleased to receive suggestions and supplementaryinformation.ManuscriptsareacceptedinEnglish. In references Advances in Polymer Sciences is abbreviated as Adv. Polym. Sci. andiscitedasajournal. Specialvolumesareeditedbywellknownguesteditorswhoinvitereputedauthors forthereviewarticlesintheirvolumes. ImpactFactorin2008:6.802;Section“PolymerScience”:Rank2of73 Preface DearReaders, Sincetheground-breaking,Nobel-prizecrownedworkofHeeger,MacDiarmid, and Shirakawa on molecularly doped polymers and polymers with an alternating bondingstructureattheendofthe1970s,theacademicandindustrialresearchon hydrocarbon-based semiconducting materials and devices has made encouraging progress. The strengths of semiconducting polymers are currently mainly unfolding in cheapandeasilyassembledthinfilmtransistors,lightemittingdiodes,andorganic solar cells. The use of so-called “plastic chips” ranges from lightweight, portable devicesoverlarge-areaapplicationsto gadgetsdemandingadegreeof mechanical flexibility,whichwouldoverstressconventionaldevicesbasedoninorganic,perfect crystals.Thefield oforganicelectronicshasevolvedquitedynamicallyduringthe last few years; thus consumer electronicsbased on molecular semiconductorshas gainedsufficientmarketattractivenessto be launchedby the major manufacturers intherecentpast. Nonetheless,thenumerouschallengesrelatedtoorganicdevicephysicsandthe physicsoforderedanddisorderedmolecularsolidsarestillthesubjectsofacontin- uinglivelydebate. The future of organic microelectronics will unavoidably lead to new device- physical insights and hence to novel compounds and device architectures of en- hanced complexity. Thus, the early evolution of predictive models and precise, computationallyeffectivesimulation toolsfor computer-aidedanalysisand design ofpromisingdeviceprototypeswillbeofcrucialimportance. With regard to novel developments and challenges, the organizers of the SIS- PAD 2007 conference decided to organize an “Organic Electronics” Companion Workshop.WorldleadingexpertshavebeeninvitedtoViennatopresenttheircur- rent work on this fascinating and important field of research. Subsequent to the workshop, all participants, together with those scientists who which were regret- tablyunabletojointheconference,havebeeninvitedtocontributeachaptertothe presentvolumeofthebookseries“AdvancesinPolymerScience.” x Preface Thisforewordcloseswithasketchysummaryofeachchapter.Herethechapter summarieshavebeenarrangedinthesameorderinwhichtheyappearinthebook. In the opening chapter, Evguenia Emelianova and Heinz Baessler analyze the dissociationofopticallygeneratedexcitonsintopairsoffreecarriersinthecaseof pure,blendedanddopedpolymers.The effectsofGaussian disorder,temperature, andelectricfieldonthephotocarrieryieldareinvestigated.Asthepresentedanalyti- calexaminationshows,energeticdisorderenhancesexcitondissociation.Moreover, thetemperaturedependenceoftheyieldisweakenedandlosestheactivatedshape itexhibitsinthecaseofmoderatefieldsandzerodisorder. PriyaJadhav,BenjieLimketkaiandMarcBaldodedicatedChapter2torecapit- ulateexperimentalresults,effectivetemperaturemodels,andthepercolationtheory treatment with special emphasis on the compound AlQ . The authors discuss the 3 applicabilityofpercolationtheorytothe calculationoflow-fieldcarriermobilities anddebatethestrengthsandlimitationsofeffectivetemperaturemodelswhenbeing appliedtoawiderrangeofelectricfield strengths,latticetemperaturesandcarrier concentrations. In Chap. 3, Sergei Baranovski presents various important theoretical concepts relevanttothetransporttheoryoforganicglasses,molecularlydopedpolymersand conjugatedpolymers. Originallydevelopedforamorphousinorganicsemiconductorscharacterizedby anexponentialdensityofstates,theauthordiscussestheextensionoftheseconcepts to Gaussian densities of states under special consideration of state- and carrier- concentrations,electricfields,andtemperatures. InChap.4,DebarshiBasuandAnanthDodabalapurdriftvelocityanddriftmo- bilitymeasurementsinorganicfieldeffecttransistors.Amethodisintroducedwhich is based on the time-of-flightof an electron swarm injected into the channel by a voltagepulse. The methodalso grantsan improvedunderstandingof the injection process, the basic working mechanism of an organic transistor, and the nature of trapdistributions. Inanorganicthinfilmtransistor,therelevantinterfacesoccurbetweenthegate dielectricandthesemiconductorandbetweenthesemiconductorandthesourceand drain contacts. In Chap. 5, Gilles Horowitz investigatesthe specific problemsand sophisticatedrequirementsarisinginconnectionwiththeseinterfacesanddescribes howtocharacterizethemandtheireffectsonthedeviceperformance. Low-costpolymerfilmsaretypicallyrealizedbysolution-basedtechnology.The resultingholemobilities,however,liebelowthatofvapordepositedlayers.Conse- quently,theperformanceofsolution-basedorganicfieldeffecttransistorsislimited. InChap.6,SusanneScheinertandGernotPaaschaddresstheproblemsoflow-cost sub-micrometerdevicesandpresentexperimentalresults,contactproblemsimula- tions,andsimulationsofshort-channeleffects,whichleadtoshort-channeldesign rules. BirendraSinghandSerdarSariciftcidevotedChap.7tothemicroelectronicap- plicability of the promising DNA-based bio-polymer DNA-CTMA. The authors present their work concerning the processing steps leading to feasible DNA- CTMA films and study the various characteristics of this compound. Properties
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