Organic Computing PDF
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Springer Complexity Springer Complexity is an interdisciplinary program publishing the best research and academic-level teaching on both fundamental and applied aspects of complex systems – cutting across all traditional disciplines of the natural and life sciences, engineering,economics,medicine,neuroscience,socialandcomputerscience. ComplexSystemsaresystemsthatcomprisemanyinteractingpartswiththeabil- itytogenerateanewqualityofmacroscopiccollectivebehaviorthemanifestations ofwhicharethespontaneousformationofdistinctivetemporal,spatialorfunctional structures. Models of such systems can be successfully mapped onto quite diverse “real-life” situations like the climate, the coherent emission of light from lasers, chemical reaction-diffusion systems, biological cellular networks, the dynamics of stockmarketsandoftheinternet,earthquakestatisticsandprediction,freewaytraf- fic, the human brain, or the formation of opinions in social systems, to name just someofthepopularapplications. Although their scope and methodologies overlap somewhat, one can distinguish the following main concepts and tools: self-organization, nonlinear dynamics, syn- ergetics, turbulence, dynamical systems, catastrophes, instabilities, stochastic pro- cesses,chaos,graphsandnetworks,cellularautomata,adaptivesystems,genetical- gorithmsandcomputationalintelligence. The two major book publication platforms of the Springer Complexity program are the monograph series “Understanding Complex Systems” focusing on the vari- ous applications of complexity, and the “Springer Series in Synergetics”, which is devoted to the quantitative theoretical and methodological foundations. In addition tothebooksinthesetwocoreseries,theprogramalsoincorporatesindividualtitles rangingfromtextbookstomajorreferenceworks. EditorialandProgrammeAdvisoryBoard Pe´terE´rdi CenterforComplexSystemsStudies,KalamazooCollege,USAandHungarianAcademyofSciences,Budapest, Hungary KarlFriston InstituteofCognitiveNeuroscience,UniversityCollegeLondon,London,UK HermannHaken CenterofSynergetics,UniversityofStuttgart,Stuttgart,Germany JanuszKacprzyk SystemResearch,PolishAcademyofSciences,Warsaw,Poland ScottKelso CenterforComplexSystemsandBrainSciences,FloridaAtlanticUniversity,BocaRaton,USA Ju¨rgenKurths NonlinearDynamicsGroup,UniversityofPotsdam,Potsdam,Germany LindaReichl CenterforComplexQuantumSystems,UniversityofTexas,Austin,USA PeterSchuster TheoreticalChemistryandStructuralBiology,UniversityofVienna,Vienna,Austria FrankSchweitzer SystemDesign,ETHZurich,Zurich,Switzerland DidierSornette EntrepreneurialRisk,ETHZurich,Zurich,Switzerland Understanding Complex Systems FoundingEditor:J.A.ScottKelso Future scientific and technological developments in many fields will necessarily depend upon coming to grips with complex systems. Such systems are complex in both their composition – typically many different kinds of components interacting simultaneouslyandnonlinearlywitheachotherandtheirenvironmentsonmultiple levels–andintherichdiversityofbehaviorofwhichtheyarecapable. The Springer Series in Understanding Complex Systems series (UCS) promotes new strategies and paradigms for understanding and realizing applications of com- plex systems research in a wide variety of fields and endeavors. UCS is explicitly transdisciplinary. It has three main goals: First, to elaborate the concepts, methods and tools of complex systems at all levels of description and in all scientific fields, especiallynewlyemergingareaswithinthelife,social,behavioral,economic,neuro- andcognitivesciences(andderivativesthereof);second,toencouragenovelapplica- tionsoftheseideasinvariousfieldsofengineeringandcomputationsuchasrobotics, nano-technologyandinformatics;third,toprovideasingleforumwithinwhichcom- monalities and differences in the workings of complex systems may be discerned, henceleadingtodeeperinsightandunderstanding. UCS will publish monographs, lecture notes and selected edited contributions aimedatcommunicatingnewfindingstoalargemultidisciplinaryaudience. Rolf P. Wu¨rtz (Ed.) Organic Computing With93Figuresand1Table 123 Editor Dr.RolfP.Wu¨rtz Institutfu¨rNeuroinformatik Ruhr-Universita¨tBochum Room:ND03-32 D-44780Bochum Germany [email protected] ISBN:978-3-540-77656-7 e-ISBN:978-3-540-77657-4 UnderstandingComplexSystemsISSN:1860-0832 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008922291 (cid:2)c 2008Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereserved,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialis concerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation,broadcasting, reproductiononmicrofilmorinanyotherway,andstorageindatabanks.Duplicationofthispublication orpartsthereofispermittedonlyundertheprovisionsoftheGermanCopyrightLawofSeptember9, 1965,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer.Violationsare liabletoprosecutionundertheGermanCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnotimply, evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelaws andregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Coverdesign:WMXDesignGmbH Printedonacid-freepaper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com Preface In a nutshell, Organic Computing is a research field emerging around the conviction that problems of organization in complex systems in computer science, telecommunications, neurobiology, molecular biology, ethology, and possiblyevensociologycanbetackledscientificallyinaunifiedway,bymeans of which progress in understanding aspects of organization in either field can befruitfulintheothers.Fromthecomputersciencepointofview,theapparent easewithwhichlivingsystemssolvecomputationallydifficultproblemsmakes it inevitable to adopt strategies observed in nature for creating information processing machinery. As an idea whose time simply has come, Organic Computing is growing from multiple roots. In November 2001, a Symposium “Organic Computing – Towards Structured Design of Processes” was held at the Heinz Nixdorf Mu- seuminPaderborn,Germany,bringingtogethercomputerscientistsandbiol- ogists to pursue the idea. Independently, the Technical Informatics Branch of the German Computer Science Society (GI) developed the concept in a series of workshops in 2002. The scope was broadened by the Organic Computing Initiative of GI at a workshop in Hannover in 2003, which outlined the scope oftoday’sOrganicComputingresearch.Asathirdrootontheindustrialside, Forrester Research presented a study in 2002, which proposed Organic IT as a strategy for information systems infrastructure. In the meantime, Organic Computing is a powerful driving force for a wholespectrumofresearch.Mostvisiblyintermsofacademicfunding,infall 2004, the DFG issued a call for proposals for a priority program on Organic Computing,whichstartedwith18projectsinAugust2005andiscurrentlyin its second phase. In January 2006, there was a first Dagstuhl seminar, which also attracted participants from overseas, a second one is scheduled for the spring of 2008. InthisbookthemajorideasbehindOrganicComputingaredelineated,to- getherwithasparsesampleofcomputationalprojectsundertakeninthisnew field. Many more can be found at the homepage of the Deutsche Forschungs- gemeinschaft(DFG)priorityresearchprogram1183“OrganicComputing”at VI Preface http://www.organic-computing.de/sppandtherapidlygrowingliteraturelist at http://kbs.cs.tu-berlin.de/∼parzy/oclc/. TosetthestageforthechapterstocomeIgiveanincompletelistofbiolog- ical metaphors used in Organic Computing and show for each chapter which ones are applied and what applications are tackled. These metaphors include evolution, neural networks, gene-regulatory networks , networks of brain mod- ules, hormone system, insect swarms, and ant colonies. Chapter 1 is an introduction to goals and ideas, chapters 2 through 5 lay thetheoreticalfoundationsofOrganicComputing.Chapter6describestheim- portanceoftheevolutionarymetaphortogetherwithmoderndevelopmentsin evolutionary optimization. Chapter 7 combines evolutionary approaches with neural network learning. Chapters 8 and 9 build on ontogenesis for system construction, with cross-references to neural networks. Chapters 10 and 11 use metaphors of insect swarms for applications in networking. Chapters 12 and 13 use procedures gleaned from the workings of the hormone system for networking applications. Finally, chapters 14 and 15 look at neural networks and interaction of modules in the mammalian brain for applications in com- puter vision. Thanks go to the DFG for research funding in the priority program, the IEEE task force on Organic Computing for moral support, and to the Volks- wagenstiftung for funding the website http://organic-computing.org. I would like to thank all authors for their excellent contributions. Special thanksgotothosewhosubmittedearlyfortheirpatienceandthosewithvery heavy schedules for finally submitting the missing articles. Last not least, I thank my colleagues at the Institute for Neurocomputing and my wife and son for tolerating my negligence of other matters during the work on this book. Bochum, November 2007 Rolf Wu¨rtz Contents 1 Introduction: Organic Computing Rolf P. Wu¨rtz ................................................... 1 2 The Organic Future of Information Technology Christoph von der Malsburg,....................................... 7 3 Systems Engineering for Organic Computing: The Challenge of Shared Design and Control between OC Systems and their Human Engineers Kirstie L. Bellman, Christopher Landauer, Phyllis R. Nelson .......... 25 4 Controlled Emergence and Self-Organization Christian Mu¨ller-Schloer, Bernhard Sick ............................ 81 5 Organic Computing and Complex Dynamical Systems – Conceptual Foundations and Interdisciplinary Perspectives Klaus Mainzer...................................................105 6 Evolutionary Design of Emergent Behavior Ju¨rgen Branke, Hartmut Schmeck ..................................123 7 Genesis of Organic Computing Systems: Coupling Evolution and Learning Christian Igel, Bernhard Sendhoff ..................................141 8 Organically Grown Architectures: Creating Decentralized, Autonomous Systems by Embryomorphic Engineering Ren´e Doursat....................................................167 9 Artificial Development Simon Harding, Wolfgang Banzhaf .................................201 VIII Contents 10 Self-adaptive Worker-Helper Systems with Self-Organized Task Allocation Daniel Merkle, Martin Middendorf, Alexander Scheidler ..............221 11 Concepts for Self-Adaptive and Self-Healing Networked Embedded Systems Thilo Streichert, Christian Haubelt, Dirk Koch, Ju¨rgen Teich ..........241 12 An Artificial Hormone System for Self-Organizing Real-Time Task Allocation in Organic Middleware Uwe Brinkschulte, Mathias Pacher, and Alexander von Renteln ........261 13 Bio-Inspired Networking — Self-Organizing Networked Embedded Systems Falko Dressler ...................................................285 14 Subspace Image Representation for Facial Expression Analysis and Face Recognition and its Relation to the Human Visual System Ioan Buciu, Ioannis Pitas .........................................303 15 Self-organized Evaluation of Dynamic Hand Gestures for Sign Language Recognition Maximilian Kru¨ger, Christoph von der Malsburg, and Rolf P. Wu¨rtz....321 Index..........................................................343 List of Contributors Wolfgang Banzhaf University of Oradea Computer Science Universitatii 1 Memorial University of Newfound- 410087 Oradea , Romania land [email protected] St. John’s, NL, A1B 3X5, Canada Department of Informatics [email protected] Aristotle University Box 451 Kirstie L. Bellman GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece AerospaceIntegrationScienceCenter The Aerospace Corporation Ren´e Doursat Mail Stop M1/025, P.O. Box 92957 Institut des Syst`emes Complexes Los Angeles, California 90009-2957, (ISC), and Centre de Recherche en USA Epist´emologie Appliqu´ee (CREA) [email protected] CNRS and Ecole Polytechnique 57–59, rue Lhomond Ju¨rgen Branke 75005 Paris, France Institute AIFB [email protected] University of Karlsruhe 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany Falko Dressler [email protected] Dept. of Computer Science 7 University of Erlangen Uwe Brinkschulte Martensstr. 3 University of Karlsruhe, Bldg. 40.28 91058 Erlangen, Germany Engler-Bunte-Ring 8 [email protected] 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany [email protected] Simon Harding Computer Science Ioan Buciu Memorial University of Newfound- Electronics Department land FacultyofElectricalEngineeringand St. John’s, NL, A1B 3X5, Canada Information Technology [email protected] X List of Contributors Christian Haubelt Christoph von der Malsburg University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Am Weichselgarten 3 Studies 91058 Erlangen, Germany Max-von-Laue-Str. 1 [email protected] 60438 Frankfurt a. M., Germany [email protected] Computer Science Dept., University Christian Igel of Southern California Institut fu¨r Neuroinformatik University Park Ruhr-Universit¨at Los Angeles 90089-2520, USA Universit¨atsstraße 150 44801 Bochum, Germany Daniel Merkle christian.igel@ Department of Computer Science neuroinformatik.rub.de University of Leipzig Johannisgasse 26 04103 Leipzig, Germany Dirk Koch [email protected] University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Am Weichselgarten 3 Martin Middendorf 91058 Erlangen, Germany Department of Computer Science [email protected] University of Leipzig Johannisgasse 26 Maximilian Kru¨ger 04103 Leipzig, Germany Institut fu¨r Neuroinformatik [email protected] Ruhr-Universit¨at Christian Mu¨ller-Schloer Universit¨atsstraße 150 Institute of Systems Engineering 44801 Bochum, Germany University of Hannover maximilian.krueger@ Appelstraße 4 neuroinformatik.rub.de 30167 Hannover, Germany [email protected] Christopher Landauer AerospaceIntegrationScienceCenter Phyllis R. Nelson The Aerospace Corporation ElectricalandComputerEngineering Mail Stop M8/080, P.O. Box 92957 Department Los Angeles, California 90009-2957, California State Polytechnic USA University Pomona, 3801 W. Temple Ave. [email protected] Pomona, California, 91768, USA [email protected] Klaus Mainzer Institute of Interdisciplinary Mathias Pacher Informatics University of Karlsruhe, Bldg. 40.28 University of Augsburg Engler-Bunte-Ring 8 86135 Augsburg, Germany 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany [email protected] [email protected]
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