Organic Chemistry - A Short Course 13th ed [intro txt]

616 Pages·2012·64.96 MB·english

by  D. Hart

The Main Functional Groups
Class of Specific
Structure Compound Example Name Use
A. Part of the molecular framework
C!C alkane CH !CH ethane component of
3 3
natural gas, fuel
O
OCPC alkene CH "CH ethylene polyethylene
O 2 2
O
!C#C! alkyne HC#CH acetylene welding
arene benzene raw material for
polystyrene and
phenol
B. Containing oxygen
1. With one carbon-oxygen bond
!OH alcohol, phenol CH CH OH ethanol solvent, fuel,
3 2
alcoholic beverages
!O! ether CH CH OCH CH diethyl ether anesthetic
3 2 2 3
2. With two carbon-oxygen bonds
OCPO aldehyde, ketone CH "O formaldehyde preservative for
O 2
biological
(carbonyl group) specimens
3. With three carbon-oxygen bonds
O O
B B
OCOOH carboxylic acid CH COOH acetic acid vinegar
3
(carboxyl group)
O O
B B
OCOOR ester CH COCH CH ethyl acetate model airplane
3 2 3
glue
O O O O
B B B B
OCOOOCO acid anhydride CH COOOCCH acetic anhydride manufacture of
3 3
acetate rayon
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The Main Functional Groups (continued )
Class of Specific
Structure Compound Example Name Use
C. Containing nitrogen
!NH primary amine CH CH NH ethylamine intermediate for
2 3 2 2
dyes, medicinals
!NHR secondary amine (CH CH ) NH diethylamine pharmaceuticals
3 2 2
!NR tertiary amine (CH ) N trimethylamine insect attractant
2 3 3
!C#N nitrile CH "CH!C#N acrylonitrile orlon manufacture
2
D. Containing oxygen and nitrogen
O
1B
ON nitro compounds CH NO nitromethane rocket fuel
3 2
OO2
O O
B B
OCONH primary amide HCNH formamide softener
2 2
for paper
E. Containing halogen
!X alkyl or aryl CH Cl methyl chloride refrigerant, local
3
halide anesthetic
O O
B B
OCOX acid (acyl) halide CH CCl acetyl chloride acetylating agent
3
F. Containing sulfur
!SH thiol CH CH SH ethanethiol odorant to detect
3 2
gas leaks
!S! thioether (CH "CHCH ) S allyl sulfide odor of garlic
2 2 2
O
B
OSOOH sulfonic acid CH SO H para-toluenesul- strong organic
B 3 3
fonic acid acid
O
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m
18VIIIA2He Helium4.003 10Ne Neon20.18 18Ar Argon39.95 36Kr Krypton83.80 54Xe Xenon131.3 86Rn Radon(222) 71Lu Lutetium175.0 103Lr Lawrenciu(260)
17VIIA9F Fluorine19.00 17Cl Chlorine35.45 35Br Bromine79.90 53I Iodine126.9 85At Astatine(210) 70Yb Ytterbium173.0 102No Nobelium(259)
m
Main-Group Elements 1615VIAVA78NO NitrogenOxygen14.0116.00 1516PS PhosphorusSulfur30.9732.07 3334AsSe SeleniumArsenic78.9674.92 5251TeSb AntimonyTellurium121.8127.6 8384BiPo BismuthPolonium209.0(209) Metals 6869ErTm ErbiumThulium167.3168.9 100101FmMd FermiumMendeleviu(257)(258)
14IVA6C Carbon12.01 14Si Silicon28.09 32Ge Germanium72.59 50Sn Tin118.7 82Pb Lead207.2 ner-Transition 67Ho Holmium164.9 99Es Einsteinium(252)
13IIIA5B Boron10.81 13Al Aluminum26.98 31Ga Gallium69.72 49In Indium114.8 81Tl Thallium204.4 In 66Dy Dysprosium162.5 98Cf Californium(251)
12IIB 30Zn Zinc65.38 48Cd Cadmium112.4 80Hg Mercury200.6112+Uub Ununbium(277) 65Tb Terbium158.9 97Bk Berkelium(247)
m m
11IB 29Cu Copper63.55 47Ag Silver107.9 79Au Gold197.0111+Uuu Unununiu(272) 64Gd Gadoliniu157.3 96Cm Curium(247)
10 28Ni Nickel58.71 46Pd Palladium106.4 78Pt Platinum195.1 110+Uun Ununnilium(269) 63Eu Europium152.0 95Am Americium(243)
9VIIIB 27Co Cobalt58.93 45Rh Rhodium102.9 77Ir Iridium192.2 109Mt Meitnerium(266) 62Sm Samarium150.4 94Pu Plutonium(244)
Main-Group Elements 1IAAtomic number11SymbolHHElement2HydrogenHydrogenAtomic weight1.0081.008IIA 34LiBe LithiumBeryllium6.9419.012Transition Metals1211MgNa345768SodiumMagnesiumIIIBIVBVBVIIBVIB22.9924.31 2620242322211925FeCaCrVTiScKMnIronPotassiumCalciumManganeseChromiumVanadiumTitaniumScandium55.8539.1040.0854.9452.0050.9447.8844.96 3844434241403937SrRuTcMoNbZrYRb RubidiumStrontiumRutheniumTechnetiumMolybdenumNiobiumZirconiumYttrium85.4787.62101.198.9195.9492.9191.2288.91 7473725755755676WTaHfLa*CsReBaOsWolframCesiumBariumOsmiumRheniumTantalumHafniumLanthanum(Tungsten)132.9137.3186.2183.9180.9178.5138.9190.2 881071061051048987108RaBhSgDbRfAc**FrHsRuther-FranciumRadiumHassiumBohriumSeaborgiumDubniumfordiumActinium(223)(226.0)(265)(262)(263)(262)(261)(227) 60595861MetalNdPrCePmPraseo-*LanthanidesdymiumPromethiumNeodymiumCerium(145)144.2140.9140.1Metalloid 93929190NpUPaThNonmetal**ActinidesNeptuniumUraniumProtactiniumThorium(237)238.0(231)232.0 The elements 110, 111, and 112 have been synthesized since 1994 and have not yet been named.
+
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
doireP
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Organic Chemistry
A SHORT COURSE
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13th
EDITION
Organic Chemistry
A SHORT COURSE
David J. Hart
The Ohio State University
Christopher M. Hadad
The Ohio State University
Leslie E. Craine
Central Connecticut State University
Harold Hart
Michigan State University
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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