Orchid Biology: Reviews and Perspectives, VII PDF
Preview Orchid Biology: Reviews and Perspectives, VII
ORCHID BIOLOGY REVIEWS AND PERSPECTIVES, VII Dedicated by the editors to Calaway H. Dodson, Bertil Kullenberg and Gunnar Seidenfaden Publication of this volume was made possible by financial support from Mr. Jerry Rodder Orchid Biology: Reviews and Perspectives, VII Edited by JOSEPH ARDITTI Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine and ALEC M. PRIDGEON Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V. A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 978-90-481-4837-0 ISBN 978-94-017-2498-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-017-2498-2 Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 1997 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 1997 No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission from the copyright owner. Contents Associate editors xiii Board of editors xiii Contributors XV Persons to whom this volume is dedicated xix Preface xxiii A personal note xxili General preface xxiv 1. Brown Danube, Blue Pacific Joseph Arditti Introduction 1 My family and parents 1 World War II and antisemitism 5 Israel 8 My brother 11 America, America ... from see to shining sea 11 UCLA 11 Roy Scott 14 Jack, Margie, Wendie and Bob Rau 14 usc 16 UCI 17 Science 18 Orchids 18 Taro 21 Students 22 Research outside the USA 23 Singapore 23 Indonesia 24 Orchid Biology: Reviews and Perspectives 25 Fundamentals of Orchid Biology 26 M icropropagation of Orchids 26 Tura 26 Jonathan 27 Conclusion 27 Postscript 28 EMBRYOLOOY 2. Ovule and megagametophyte development in orchids Edward C. Yeung and Sandra K. Law 31 Introduction 31 Ovule development at the time of anthesis 33 Placentae 38 Nucellus 38 Vll viii Archesporia! cell 39 Megasporocyte 40 Megasporogenesis 46 General considerations 46 Callose distribution 49 Megaspore 51 Megagametogenesis 54 The striking phenomenon 57 Intraspecific co-existence of different types of embryo sacs 59 The mature megagametophyte 61 Integuments 64 Future perspectives 65 Glossary 67 Acknowledgments 68 References 68 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 3. Molecular biology of orchids Adelheid R. Kuehnle 75 Introduction 75 Macromolecular organization and quantification 76 Nuclear DNA content 76 Chromatin 78 Phylogeny and systematics 82 DNA molecules 83 Enzyme variation 87 Floral biology: pre-pollination 90 Floral development 90 Pigment biosynthesis 91 Floral biology: post-pollination 92 Ovary and ovule development 93 Senescence 94 Plant breeding 96 Gene transfer 96 Genomic Markers 105 Conclusions and prospects 106 Glossary 107 Acknowledgments 111 References 111 MYCORRHIZA 4. Fungi from orchid mycorrhizas Randolph S. Currah, Carla D. Zelmer, Sarah Hambleton, and Katherine A. Richardson 117 Introduction 117 Methodology and taxonomy 126 Isolation techniques 126 Screening isolates 129 The Rhizoctonia complex 130 Correlating isolates with morphology in host tissue 132 Key to fungi associated with orchid roots and mycorrhizas: Basidiomycotina 134 Taxonomic descriptions of genera 135 Armillaria 135 Ceratobasidium 136 Ceratorhiza 139 ix Epulorhiza 141 Erythromyces 144 Fa volaschia 144 Geotrichopsis 145 Marasmius 145 Melanotus 145 Moniliopsis 146 Sebacina 148 Sistotrema 148 Thanatephorus 148 Tulasnella 151 Xerotus 151 Ypsilonidium 153 Key to fungi associated with orchid roots and mycorrhizas: Ascomycotina and Fungi Imperfecti 153 Taxonomic descriptions of genera 156 Acremonium 156 Acrogenospora 156 Alternaria 158 Arthrinium 158 Colletotrichum 158 Cylindrocarpon 158 Epicoccum 159 Fusarium 159 Hypoxylon 159 Lasiodiplodia 159 Leptodontidium 161 Nectria 161 Nodulisporium 161 Oidiodendron 162 Penicillifer 162 Pestalotiopsis 162 Phialocephala 162 T etracladium 164 Trichoderma 164 Trichosporiella 164 Glossary 164 Acknowledgments 166 References 166 Additionalliterature 170 BASIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH 5. Orchid production and research in Japan Syoichi Ichihashi 171 Introduction 171 Outline of potted orchid production 171 Supply of nursery plants 173 Pot plant production 174 Research on orchids in Japan 174 Cymbidium 174 Growth habits of species 176 Factors affecting growth of miniature cultivars 177 Effects of minimum temperatures in winter 177 Effects of temperature on shoot growth 178 Changes in carbohydrate content during shoot growth 178 Effects of light intensity on photosynthesis and carbohydrate content 179 X Factors affecting growth of standard cultivars 180 Growth of original shoots produced in vitro 180 Growth control of the flowering shoots 180 Shading and carbohydrate content 181 Flower bud induction and development 182 Flower bud differentiation 182 Appearance of flower buds 182 Flower bud and stalk development 183 Higher temperature induced blasting of inflorescence 183 Control of blasting by chemicals 183 Malformation of flowers 184 Coloration of flowers 184 Potting mixtures and fertilization 185 Potting mixtures 185 Fertilization 185 Nobile-type Dendrobium 186 Bud growth 186 Propagation through cuttings 186 Sprouting from mother plants 187 Factors affecting terminal leaf formation 187 Maturation of pseudo bulbs after terminal leaf formation 189 Factors affecting maturation of pseudobulbs 189 Physiological changes during maturation 189 Induction of flower buds 190 Flower bud induction by low temperature 190 Effects of light 191 BAP application 191 Flower bud and flower development after induction 191 Factors affecting development of flower buds 191 Effects of light and temperature on flowers 193 Fertilization, watering, and potting mixtures 193 Fertilization 193 Watering and potting mixtures 194 Phalaenopsis 196 Effects of temperature on growth 196 Photomorphogcnesis 196 Photosynthesis 197 Effects of temperature on CO2 absorption 197 Effects of day length on C02 absorption 198 Effects oflight intensity on C02 absorption 199 Other factors 200 Flower induction 200 Flower induction under artificial light conditions 200 Effects of day length on flowering 201 Chemical control of flowering 201 Water potential 202 Potting mixtures 202 Watering and fertilization 202 Glossary 204 Acknowledgments 205 References 205
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