Orbit, 2008

2008·11.6 MB·English

by  Ontario Institute for Studies in Education

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OISE's Magazine for Schools VOL. 37, NO. 2 & 3, 2008
THE BEST OFia©UR HISTORY
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Orbit Magazine
SECTIONS INCLUDE: HONORARY GUEST EDITORS:
The Interviews Heather Berkeley
Critical Views Hugh Oliver
Classroom Practice EDITED BY:
The Calls to Action Jennifer Sipos-Smith
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
OISE'sMagazineforSchools 7 SECTIONONE:THEINTERVIEWS 37 Knowledge-BuildingTechnologies:
BeyondInformationAccess
VOLUME37,NUMBER28i3,2008 8 AnAnatomyofLanguageLearning MarleneScardamalia
TheBestofOurHistory InterviewwithWilderPenfield Vol.26,No.2, 1995
HughOliver Educationforthe21stCentury:
HonoraryGuestEditors: PreliminaryIssueNo. 1,October1969 DiscussionoftheReportofthe
HeatherBerkeley RoyalCommissiononLearning
HughOliver 11 ThereisReallyNoSuchThingas
Methodology 43 ShoppingforSchools:
InterviewwithNorthropFrye TheFutureofEducationinOntario?
EDITOR JohanAitken KariDehli
JenniferSipos-Smith Vol. 1, No. 1, February1970 Vol.29, No. 1, 1998
FromReformtoRenewal:BeyondBill 160
ASSOCIATEEDITOR 15 InaGoodSchool...
DawnMartin InterviewwithPauloFreire
HughOliver 48 SECTIONTHREE:CLASSROOMPRACTICE
EDITORIALBOARD Vol.8, No. 1,February1977
BarbaraBodkin,ContinuingEducation,OISE 50 ElementaryScienceinOntario:
DavidBooth,ProfessorEmeritius,OISE 17 ADialoguewithThomasMoore SurveyofthePast15Years
KPKaaitrErmidiucDGiccoaahrtlGdiiooo,lnndS,,bolOTcaithIcoeS,lEoBOginysthaaornpidoSEtCqroualicltheyagneStSoucfdhiToeeosalcihners VDEodaluv.cea30tH,iuonNnto,.anJ2do,ht1nh9e9P.9S(oJualck)Miller VRo.lH..7S,tiNnos.on5,December1976
LindaGrant,UniversityofOntarioInstitute 56 BeginningFrenchImmersionatGrade8
ofTechnology 23 MakingWorkplaceConnections MerrillSwain,SharonLapkin
ClayLafleur intheCurriculum Vol.8,No.4,October1977
PeterLipman InterviewwithSentaRaizen
TaitLuste,PeelDistrictSchoolBoard HowardRussell 60 SpellingintheWholeLanguage
KirkMark,TorontoCatholicDistrictSchoolBoard Vol.31, No.2,2000 Classroom:Winningthe
PatMcAdie,ElementaryTeachers'Federationof School-to-WorkTransitions SupportofParents
JohOOnnItSMayEreiros,Curriculum,TeachingandLearning, 25 TheStoryofMediaEducation/ VRoult.h20L.,SNcoo.tt3,October1989
PactyPappas MediaLiteracyinCanada
CarolRolheiser,AssociateDean,OISE InterviewwithBarryDuncan 64 TheParadoxofClassroomAssessment
PaulVanderhelm,HaltonDistrictSchoolBoard IanEsquivel StevenKatz,LornaEarl
Vol.35, No.2,2005 Vol.30,No.4,2000
ORBITEDITORIALOFFICE MediaEducation ClassroomAssessment
OISE
252BloorStreetWest 67 InstructionallyIntelligent...SociallySmart
Toronto,OntarioM5SIV6 29 SECTIONTWO:CRITICALVIEWS BarrieBennett
FPEa-hxmo:anie4l:1:[email protected] 30 TheImpossibilitiesofEducation VIonls.tr3u2c,tiNonoa.l4I,nt2e0l0l2igence
Website:www.orbitmagazine.ca Carl Bereiter
LAYOUT:BTTCommunications PreliminaryIssueNo.2, December1969 72 JRiemadCiunmgmainndstheESLStudent
BPRTITNTCoEmDmuAnNiDcatBiOonUsNDINCANADA 32 RRoebabdiiengCaEfsfei,ciCenattlhyyanFrdyThinkingCritically VToela.ch33i,ngNoS.tru1,gg2l0i0n2gReaders
ORBITSALESANDCIRCULATION Vol.2,No. 1,February1971 AcrosstheGrades
OISE
252BloorSt.West 34 ToCreateaThinkingProgramfor 76 WhenReaders-at-RiskTeach
Toronto,Ontario M5SIV6 theElementarySchool StudentTeachers
Phone:4I6-978-1125
Fax:[phone] FloydRobinson David Booth
E-mail:[email protected] Vol.5, No.4,October1974 Vol.33,No. 1,2002
TeachingStrugglingReaders
AcrosstheGrades
SRIeeSgciNosNntdra0Ct0li3ao0sns-N4Mu4am3ib3ler4511 79 NTahrrroouwgihnPgroTjheectGaRpE..A.CH
CanadianPublicationsMailProductAgreementNo. AvisE.Glaze
4G0S0T62#46R5I08I62 VRoali.si3n5g,SNtou.de3,nt20A0c5hievement
orbit
TABLE OF CONTENTS
82 SECTION FOUR:THECALLSTOACTION HONORARYGUEST EDITORS
84 DH.alMl-yDeerrsmisandtheTeachingProfession HeatherBerkeleyworkedatOISEfor23yearsinvarious
PreliminaryIssueNo.2,December1969 tcooomkmuenairlcyatrieotinreromleenst,firnoclmudOiInSgEthinatMoafrcehdit2o0r06oftoOrbsietr.veShase
86 WhyMenTeachinPublicSchools: theCoordinatorofPublicationsandResourcesforthe
AnAnalysisoftheResponsesof LiteracyandNumeracySecretariat,OntarioMinistryof
MembersoftheOntarioPublicSchool Education.Overhercareer.Heather—haswritten,edited,
MIteenmsToeanchaeSrus'rvFeeyderationtoCertain aannddopnroDduVcDe—dfhournbdortehdsthoeferdeuscoaurtcieosncoinmmpruinnti,toynlainnde,the
DormerEllis,J. RosaireCloutier generalpublic,onallaspectsofeducation,fromresearch
Vol. 1,No.2,April 1970 findingstoprofessionaldevelopmentstrategies.
89 MoralEducationinOntarioSchools
CliveBeck
Vol.2,No.5,December1971 HughOliver,professoremeritusintheDepartmentof
AdultEducationandCounsellingPsychologyatOISE,is
91 MustGirl-FriendlySchoolsbe formereditorofOrbit,editor-in-chiefoftheOISEPress,
Girls-OnlySchools?Arguments managingeditorofInterchangeandco-editorofNewsand
AgainstSegregationBasedonSex Notes.HughwasborninEnglandin1929.HewasaShell
Heather-janeRobertson scholaratKeeleUniversityandaResearchFellowwiththe
VGoeln.d2e8r,Naon.d1S,ch1o9o9l7ing bNuafcfkigelrdouSncdiebnocoekPsrofjoercsttwuhdeenrtes.heHupgrhodhuacsetdaucghehmtissttornye
95 AssessingStrategies: carvingatXinjiangArtCollegeinWesternChinaandwas
GoodReform/BadReform recentlyofferedarecordingcohtractasasinger/songwriter
Michael Fullan,LynneHannay withOrangeLounge,abranchofUniversalRecords.
Vol.29, No. 1, 1998
From ReformtoRenewal:BeyondBill 160
98 TeachingConflictResolution
AcrosstheCurriculum
KathyBickmore
Vol.29, No.4, 1999
SafeSchools'99
103 TowardUniversalScientificLiteracy
DerekHodson
Vol.31, No.3,2000
Science,Math&Technology
LearningforAll
106 CommunicatingAcrosstheTracks:
ChallengesforAnti-Racist
EducatorsinOntarioToday
GeorgeJ.SefaDei
Vol.33,No.3,2003
Anti-RacismPracticesand
InclusiveSchooling
110 TransformationalLeadershipfor
ChallengingSchools
KennethLeithwood
Vol.35, No.3,2005
RaisingStudentAchievement
3
MESSAGE FROM JANE GASKELL
Dean, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE)
ampleasedtointroduceTheBestofOurHistory,Volume37, Issues2&3ofOrbitMagazine:OISE'sMagazineforSchools.
I
InthesepageswecelebratethebestofOrbit,andhighlightsomeofthediscussionoftheissuesthathavemattered
ineducation, locally,provinciallyandnationallyoverthepast40years. ItcelebratessomeofOrbit'smostmemorable
contributionsinfoursections:TheInterviews,CriticalViews,Classroom PracticeandCallstoAction.This
commemorativeissueisthelastprintissueofthemagazine.Wewillcontinuetoenhanceourknowledge
mobilizationstrategybyregularlypublishingresearchand makingbackissuesandarticlesofOrbit
availableonline. Pleasecontinuetovisitusatwww.oise.utoronto.ca,astheseandothernewinitiatives
unfold.
OrbitwasconceivedsoonaftertheOntariolegislatureestablishedOISEasagraduateschoolof
educationin 1965.OISE'sdirectorR.W.B.JacksonintroducedOrbitasavehicleto: "improvethe
educationofourchildren...encouragefrankdiscussion...offeringofnewideas...proveofpracticalvalue
andfosteramongeducatorsthespiritofcooperationessentialtotheattainmentofthisgoal." InOctober
1969,HughOliverpublishedPreliminaryIssue#1.ThisfirstissueincludedHugh'sinterviewwith
Kl WilderPenfield,O.M.,C.M.G., PresidentoftheVanierInstituteoftheFamily,internationally
renownedforhisscientificresearchintothefunctionofthebrainandhisskillasa
neurosurgeon.Westartthiscollectionwiththatinterview.
Fornearly40years, OrbitMagazinecontinuedtofosterdialogueandpartnerships
betweenresearchersandteachereducators,classroomteachersandschooladministrators,
and Ministryandschoolboardpersonnelonthedirectionofeducationandtopicsof
practicalsignificanceforeducationinOntario.Asthepracticeofeducationchangedover
thecentury, OrbitMagazineadaptedandevolved.Inthecurrentenvironment,many
publicationsaremovingonline,andwearefollowingsuit, hoping Orbitwillbemoreeasily
available,lessexpensivetoproduceyetequallydynamicandinteresting.
I IwouldliketothankHughOliverwhofoundedandcarried Orbitintotheearly'80s,and
HeatherBerkeleywhotookthehelmandsteeredOrbitintothe21stcentury. Bothhave
. servedashonoraryguesteditorsforthisspecialissueandIknowyouwillenjoytheireditorials,
inwhichtheybothnameseveraloftheimportantcontributorstotheirpublications.Iwouldlike
tothankCarolRolheiser,OISE'sassociatedeanofteachereducation,forbeingadedicated
criticalfriendtoOrbitandforhersubstantialcontributionsasguesteditor,co-authorofarticles
andprofessionaldevelopmentpullouts.Iwouldalsoliketothankmembersofthestanding
editorialboardfortheirdirectionandadvice.Theyinclude:BarbaraBodkin,DavidBooth,
KariDehli,PatriciaGoldblatt, KimGordon,LindaGrant,ClayLafleur,PeterLipman,TaitLuste,
KirkMark,PatMcAdie,JohnMyers,PattyPappas,Carol Rolheiser,andPaulVanderhelm.
Wealsooweadebtofthankstooureditorial, productionandadministrativeteam.Theyinclude
ourcurrenteditor,JenniferSipos-Smith,assistedbyherassociateeditor,Dawn Martin,and
GayleGrisdale,whohasbeenresponsibleforsalesandcirculationformanyyears.
OISE'scommitmentistoensuretheextraordinarysynergybetweentheoryandpracticecontinues
togrow. I knowyouwillenjoythisspecialissueandI hopeyouwillcontinuetolooktoOISEfor
morecontributionstotheissuesthatmatterineducation.
Sincerely,
JaneGaskell
TheBestofOurHistory
4
MESSAGE FROM HUGH OLIVER
Editor of Orbit 1969- 1983
WhenOISEwasestablishedinthemid-'60s,itinheritedtheOntarioJournalofEducationalResearch(OJER),which(asfaras
I rOeI(cpwaSlhrElio)cdohwupactesievneddgnettsumoaialcgglrnayeezadibtneetecotsawamaopnepjdeoIaujnlrotnuetarrolncsahblaoson,utgtheb)uoe.ftduIOmncJya1Et9Rie6:od9nu,acolanItewpiraofansocratlhititecriareocednhdeteeronrstspiaar(nlwodshdiuewcdcehuerceeaavtnecindootnnuefaadillinltesydtchhbtoeeolcattraesham.ecehTNehuOrferfbjidioeuetlrc)dniaasCnlih.doenImo-hinmsaeatdkrfeeoyrrxsTpseeacarthciohelinanrcgse
ProjectintheUK.
Atfirst,therewasalotofagonizingoverthenameforthenewjournal. Orbit,whichcametomeinthebath,
wasnobody'sfirstchoicebuttheonlyoneforwhichtherewerenorootedobjections.Aconsultantpanelofabout
whianlnfi-an-gdoSzweinssredperseisgennetratBiuvretsownaKsrfaomremred(i,ntehmobsreaceianrlgyOdIaySsE,sftuafnfdsanwderleocaflairtleyacfhreerest.oIchoirmeedtbyh)e,saenrdvicinesOcoftoabwearrd1-969,
thefirstissueappeared. OrbitPI,andthenextissue(OrbitP2)weredistributedgratistoOntarioschoolsandother
educationalinstitutions;thereafter,bysubscription. I reckonedtoproducefiveissuesayearwithabreakover
thesummer.
Atthattime,therecently-formedInstitutewasthetargetofabarrageofcriticismfromquiteafewof
Ontario'seducationalcommunity:t—hatitwasoutoftouchwithclassroomreality;thatitsacademics
wereelitistandinsensitive(worse manyofthemwereAmerican);and,ingeneral,thatitwasacostly
whiteelephant.ThepurposeofOrbit,therefore,wasnotonlytoinformtheeducationalcommunity
ofthenewprogramsandmaterialsthatOISEwasdeveloping,butalsotofostercooperationand
greaterunderstanding. Inotherwords, Orbithadapublicrelationsaswellasaninformation
function.TwootherteacherjournalsaroundatthattimewereMondayMorningand This
MagazineisaboutSchools.
In Orbit'sfirstyear(andthankstotheimpactofnovelty),therewereover
4,000subscribers. Itwasthoselong-ago,headytimesoftheHall-Dennis
report,LivingandLearning,and Orbitssecondissuewasdevotedalmost
entirelytothistheme. Early—issueswerelavishlyproducedandprinted
onglossyartpaper inretrospect,tooglossyperhapsbecause
itgavecredencetoOISE'sthenfat-catimage.Contributors
weregenerallyamixofOISEprofessorswritingabouttheir
researchfindingsandteacherswritingabouttheirclassroom
experiences;sometimestheprofessorialproserequired
translationonourpart.Ineachissue,therewasanarticle
inFrench(atokenarticlesomesaid)inresponsetoPrime
MinisterTrudeau'sbilingual mission;andovertheyears,we
alsopublishedsomehalf-a-dozenthemeissues.Oneproblem
wefacedwasthattherewerethenabouttendepartmentsin
OISE,someofwhichhadonlylimitedconnectionswiththe
schoolsystem;andyetthechairpersonsofthesedepartments
arguedthattheyhadasmuchrighttohavetheirvoiceheard
inOrbitasanyotherdepartment.
InitialfeedbacksuggestedthatOrbitwaswellthoughtofand
doingausefuljob. Butafteracoupleofyears,afterthenovelty
hadbeguntowearoff,subscriptionsbegantodeclineandsodid
OISE'sfunds. Increasingly, Orbithadtojustifyitsannualsubsidy,
andjustificationmeantreachingouttothepreponderanceof
schoolsintheprovince. However,onlookingintoproduction
anddistributioncosts,Ideterminedthatwerewetoswitchto
newsprintandhavetheboardsofeducationdistributethejournal
toschoolsforus,wecouldprovideacopyfreetoeveryschool
intheprovinceforthesamecostwewerethenpaying.
Sothisiswhatwedid.Atthesametime,weretaineda
subscriptionlistandintheensuingyearshadaround 1,000
subscribers.(Incidentally, "we"forthefirstsixyearsofOrbit,
wereJeanShapterandmyself;andthereafterAnnNicholson
andmyself.)
continuedonpage6
orbit,Vol37,No2&3,2008
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5
MESSAGE FROM HEATHER BERKELEY
Editor of Orbit 1983 - 2006
FBourt2fo3rymeaanrys,ImedaintyedyeOarrbsititMwaagsaztihnee.beSstojmoebwinontdheerweodrlhdofworImceo.ulIdtdbrootuhgehtsammeefjaocbeftoorfsaocelong.
withthepeopleandideasthatdrivetheOntarioeducationsystem,notjustOISEfacultyand
otheruniversityresearchers,butpolicymakersandfederationrepresentatives,andteachers,
principals,consultants,superintendents,anddirectorsacrosstheprovince. Orbitgavemea
frontseattoOntarioeducationandatthesametimeitwasMYeducation.
SomanypeoplecontributedtoOrbitovertheyearsthattheselectionofarticlesforthisfinal
issuehasbeenanimpossiblechallenge.Keepinmindthat40yearsrepresent155issuesand
hrmauonnrgdeeretohdfestpohefeocaporlnteitcrlwiebhsuottohrhaset!lOpHIeuSdgEhmpauOkbleilvieOsrrhbeaidntdiwnoIOrcrkobuidtlu.drIionnhgloypmegyivmyeyeareredsaidtaeotrristahlaefthlaeeslsthmee.sofotuhteaqbuiatlityand
InacommemorativeissueofthejournalfortheCanadianSocietyforStudiesin
Education(1999),theeditorswrotethateducationwasnotconsideredascholarly
endeavour,andhencenoteligibleforfederalresearchfunding,untilthe1970s.The
peopleholdingthepursestringswereobviouslydrawingaheavy(andprejudicial)
linebetweenwhatscholarsintheuniversitiesdidandwhatteachersandprincipals
inthe"real"worldofeducationdid.T—heearlyissues—ofOrbit,createdbyU.K.
writerandeditorHughOliver,openly andcomically acknowledgedthisdifficult
relationship. InthefirstissueofOrbitHughwrote, "Thereisfrequently,itseems,a
barriertocommunicationsomewherealongthelinebetweentheInstitute'sout-
basketandthehandsoftheteacher,abarrierthatwehopethisjournalwillbeable
tosurmount." Foracynic,Hughwasveryoptimistic! Findingwaysofmaking
educationalresearchrelatetoclassroompractice(andbreakingdownthe
research/practicedivide)remained Orbit's(andIwouldaddOISE's)
primarychallenge.
Orbitstartedoutasasubscription-basedmagazine,butafterseveralyearssenior
administrationdecidedtoconvertittoanewsprintversionsentfreeofcharge
toeverypubliclyfundedelementaryandsecondaryschoolintheprovince.
"Wehaveadoptedthisnewpolicybecausewebelievewehavearesponsibility
toreporttoOntarioteachersontheactivitiesofOISEandotherresearch
organizations," Hughwrotein 1972.Healsourgedteacherstowriteto
Orbitwithsuggestionsaboutthekindofinformationtheywouldliketo
haveinthejournal. "Todate,lackoffeedbackhasbeenourchief
problem."Theproblemwasaverylong-lastingone.
HughhiredmetoeditOrbitin 1983. Ireallydidn'tknowwhatIwas
doing(nocriticismofHugh'shiring...Ididhavepotential!),andseveral
yInea1r9s9i0n,toOItShEe'jsobthIewnadsirdeecstpore,raWtaeltfeorriPdietamsatno,rteoionkvimgoeraatseitdheeamnadgatzoilnde.
measkindlyaspossibletherewouldnolongerbeabudgetforthe
give-awaymodel. "Whatwouldittake,"heasked, "tocreatean
OISEmagazinethatpeopleinschoolsandschoolboardswould
wanttobuy?"
IhadbeenworkingwithIanWinchester,afacultymemberwhoedited
OISE'sjournal Interchange,onexperimentalissuescalled "j-books"
bothjournal(partofaseries)andbook(one-off).Ian'sj-booksonthe
Chineseeducationsystem,onliteracy,andonteachingmathematics,
werehighlysuccessful.IdecidedtocloneIan'sj-bookforOrbit.
WhatifeachissueofOrbitfocusedonasingle—themethatwouldhelp
peoplecopewithallthechangesineducation newcurriculum,new
assessmentpolicies,newdemographicsofstudentpopulations?I
wasn'texpertenoughtocreatetargetedtablesofcontents,but
wassurroundedbypeoplewhowere.OISEfacultycouldbethe I
guesteditorsofOrbitj-books!And,boy,didtheylovethatidea.
AndsodidI!Itmademesomuchmoresuccessfulandwithless
pressureandwork!
continuedonpage6
TheBestofOurHistory
6
Messagefrom Hugh Olivercontinued...
In 1974,wesentaquestionnairetoallOntarioschoolprincipals whenwemovedtothePress.Initially,RuthSimstookoveras
ipnovsiittiinvgetahneidr1c0o8mmneegnattsivaeb—ouptosOirtbiivte.eSnoomugeh1t,o10e0nsrueprleied:997 eBdeirtkoelreoyf.Orbit,followedaboutayearlaterbyHeather
continuationofthesubsidy.Andsotheyearswentby,and
everycoupleofmonthsanotherissuewenttopress. However, Onreflection,IshouldperhapshaveabandonedOrbit
nimoploorntgaenrcewabsecOarubiste'swhpuabtliicncrreelaastiinognlsyfeusntcatbiloinshoefdsuOcIhSEasa sbiotmsehwohrtatonsoiodenaesr.bIetchainukseitaitstahceoemnmdoInwafasulbteogfinendiintogrstotorusntaay
valuablecomponentofOntario'seducationalsystemwas,and aroundtoolong. Meantime,Heatherbroughtherownflairand
stillis,itsgraduatestudiesprograms;andwiththepassingof ideastothejournalandgaveitnewlife.
tttwseInheuhnaeapojstcpuohyhoyageeirephantedprtgaesorr,oailpsfnnyomtsaooi'tiefn8rtd0thteisehoo,ErneamdnsfianeoIttd,anliosclortmtron-iooowaitoslinur.st-neerCg.tehOhptiSIeuehitfSenpaEc(trdenioegoovarttnitha.nahedcuNteboaiofettawlgeeniaisnddnIcanehhuiysaanpmsvvegb,ece,eiOncaObtIloIelSmSJcyEeEoolhimithsnkeoaewsdeMo)lacliocnfu,pyI jAwWciruneoshhstnemtaitfrrrtyoaeeirdbfivtsuIieihtfetniwiewrsoeu,1slnli9uyss"9gc,st4agouh,mbeneeuastIottzebsfitneiirostnlOaltnrgt,asbhr"nieiefrstdgfo,,toarshrrameaadtcyrtrthueOierOcpcIerrorlS.ebneeEistswBtrefueainhrstrbtaouaeaestmtniimssomvoaeuneuyrcngvhosyeihaanrvsmdiaeopn.dbftlheeNefosre.ooumerntcseAthc,lmniletinsoacgnheseinoepsmtulsatiagalomrch;iee4lnIy0t,.
OISEPress. Bythen,aswellasOrbit,Iwasmanagingeditorof years.Althoughthesayinggoesthatitiseasiertostarta
OISE'sscholarlyjournal Interchangeandco-editorofthein- journalthantoterminateone,40yearsforaneducational
houseNewsandNotes,andwetookthesejournalswithus journalmustbesomethingofarecord.
Messagefrom HeatherBerkeleycontinued...
ThefirstOrbitj-bookwasguest-editedbyDaveHunt,who Despitesucheffort,whentheInstituteenteredits2003regime
approachedmetodoaspecialissueonTeacherCentresand ofcutbacks,itlookedlikeOrbitmightonceagainfinditselfon
ProfessionalRenewal.Then RuthScott,agraduatestudentat thechoppingblock.ThistimeitwasmythenbossKen
thetime,didoneonWholeLanguageandSpelling(spellingis LeithwoodandcolleaguesCarolRolheiser,associatedeanof
acrheoattteedratnopiiscsutehaonnsScuhpopolorvtiofloerncBee,giIndniisncgovTeeraecdh)e.rAsr,darnadCole tEelaecahneorreAdduacamtiinonthaetCOoInStEi,naulionnggEwdiutchatBiaornbadriavisBioodnk,iwnhaondcame
anotheroneontheTransitionYears. MickConnellyand totherescue.Theirsuggestionsonhowtomakethemagazine
membersoftheAmongTeachersCommunitycreatedone morerelevanttoteachersenabledustostayafloatoncemore.
tocCoEMhionndoleplmyAROeSrne'mrafitSoflgudieelih-ncldtRStiaCicfvocovuhanrierno!esr)oPm.idlrociCaEnudNlcdleatuoHuirtcomncewla.eeiotKsirI(otonfokisnun,cln1l,iE9Ecokn9adofvu4nndicctdiraGardotreiSnitbtooomuounrnetoeg,AnenuetdsoatanynwDla,edhnPiEiwraidcihdsnuhmsiocouadawtertwhehyieeoiosrnnEhndtaf,oSiudnracoasfanttntetodhiitseSogosJcneuahc,tecorokelast.e fdaoa(FriairutrlrProissercmtococltfweoto—senheu.stetsaesIsitnGineoduwdttneeaauvnlssOepottntDt—taehEbaedvpredieriestaloecoucnoirgttispginioiemtrfoesieenloattnsynciwtehoaOornnbi-itnioosossarusfesriutruieebte.on"os-twhaAefioordnottndchdeutcdmisowiudepetreediormac,ribssiica.tneulo"oclrnoubWirmJonhepcaooorlrhrewuidnafdntoetttMeroroaydmor)uedtasriutecschleaetdtshe
By1995, Orbitwasagainbeingreadbytheaudienceitwas "criticalfriend";apersonresponsibleforensuringeachissue
intendedfor,thankstothese,andmanyotherpeople. was"reader-friendly."
OISE'smergerin 1996withUofT'sFacultyofEducation Someofthemostpopularissuesunderthislatestround
broughtnewguesteditors.Theinauguralissue,guest-edited ofinnovationswere:theBullyIssue,guest-editedbyLarry
byMichaelFullanandAngelaHildyard,wasontheRoyal Swartz;InclusiveSchoolingandAnti-RacismEducation2,
CommissiononLearning. Itwaslaunchedataforumattended guest-editedbyGeorgeDeiandNjokiWane;andRaising
byseveralhundredschoolpeoplewhoheardwhattheresearchers StudentAchievement,guest-editedbyAvisGlaze,SoniaBen
hadtosayabouttheissuestheywerestrugglingwithinschools. Jaafar,andJohnRoss.
SDiLBsatiasrinvuredieiagdseeClBrBbaeoealmonuaentteehrertdogtcnturopeeausatnttted-eaoedcuLdhteiaiteanvengeBdrailyrsistetspeveuloerearpdcauoyill.ndabLroIeananrisuersttysriuoufSecnuwtloaiMornauntnsaAzdlircatInsnnEodtidewnulSclEuoaiduzgtuteaic-nnooacnnfte,-ei.poarnin,ndt sOcDrpvaaeezwcyrin,almiMaratrnrhetyaginunylk,easarTrtrhsoa,octuyOrhrseCbmhtiotoayocsph(wueeBrrlTnlaT.tteChdoemoimnsusnuaiecsshaootueistotnorsinn)gs,achnrededaluIllywe,o,rasknodeda
TG(iirInr2smee0aspcnE0unaodd0escr)useftd,co,rbarogytamfauitaneP1otdsalni1etuo,aS-lsn0secaoat0dhll0BiodintoocLveuloteedripaernnidrybeegemys,rss.astLLnhroioidofsrpnans.JgaaulMlsByecEtusaiCat,rcsoletwydhaaiMensdaadrnoCKvdnlCeielannMastyysZLhrrueaLaoktiaeotfNmlrhmeoawuovAodrnoso,edsgsL'erteessohtgstdeaiimslsnmeskgouInyesstastoounnes ttaqpcIhhrounhaaneiatctocvttinkeOrinlrecuirbhneeneiecseatdha.d'ieprsvsuHdfi.bsoodlttr.e.iwrhmicunarwagtcoattg.auhislngoeeIhnnwtroohetfevtiaehenlaerirktnewuagttovlrrhhraliaaeiylntpndgs,ye?ipevsObaeiIaernaScsekfaEatuttbosrhoueaecltsp,roeeouOaiossrnrspbcfld/htaietchrwtieeini,cnltratltiehohsuebnese.eeasrfrtiI-rctrefehlurmbd/ig.eoeg.rnal.dnenilnsya,s
orbit,Vol37,No2&3,2008
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SECTION ONE: THE INTERVIEWS
Preliminary Issue No. 1, October 1969
AnAnatomyofLanguage Learning
Interviewwith Wilder Penfield
Huqh Oliver
Vol. 1, No. 1, February 1970 ORBIT1
There is ReallyNoSuch Thing
as Methodology
Interviewwith Northrop Frye
Johan Aitken
Vol. 8, No. 1, February 1977
In a GoodSchool...
Interviewwith Paulo Freire
Hugh Oliver
Vol. 30, No. 2, 1999
Education and the Soul
Guest Editors: Dave Huntand
John P. (Jack Miller)
A Dialogue with Thomas Moore
Dave Hunt, John P. (Jack) Miller
Vol. 31, No. 2, 2000
School-to-WorkTransitions
Guest Editors: Howard Russell and
Ron Wideman
Making Workplace Connections Vol. 35, No. 2, 2005
in the Curriculum Media Education
Interviewwith Senta Raizen Guest Editor: Kari Dehli
Howard Russell TheStoryofMedia Education/
Media Literacyin Canada
Interviewwith Barry Duncan
Ian Esquivel
TheBestofOurHistory
8
'Noonecanalterthetimescheduleofthe
humanbrain,notevenapsychiatristoran
educator.Thebuilt-inbiologicalclock
tellsthepassageoflearningaptitudesand
theteacher'sopportunity'
Howasaneurosurgeondidyou gentleelectricalstimuluswasappliedto transferofthespeechfunctionstotheun-
becomeinvolvedinlanguagestudy? thecortexbytouchingitwithanelectrode committedcortexinthenon-dominant
throughatrapdooropeningintheskull. hemisphere.Aftertheageoftwelve,this
wPeenfwieerlde:wTohrakti'nsgquointeaneaospye.rBaaticoknitno1c9u2r8e, cFornosmcitohuesr,ewspeownesereofabtlheetpoatmieanpt,owuthothweas tcroarntsefxerindtoheesnnoont-hdaopmpienna-nbtehceamuissepthheere
epilepsy-byremovingscartissuefromthe generalfunctionalareasofthebrainvery iscommittedtootherbrainfunctionssuch
cortexoroutercoveringofthebrain. exactly.Wewerealsoabletoconfirmour asperception-andthepatientlosesper-
Toensurethatwedidn'tinjureanycritical resultsfromtheoperationsinwhichthere manentlyhispowersofspeech.
brainfunctions,wedevisedamethodfor hadbeenactualremovaloftissue.
localizingthesefunctionsinthecortex. Isthiscommitmentofbrainareas
Ofallthesefunctions,byfarthemost Isthistechniqueofapplyingan likefillingabottle?
indispensableisthemajorspeecharea electricalstimulusstillinusetoday?
wanhdi,letthooufogrhfeiittmtaheyussoemoeftiamneasrmbeowroarltehg Penfield:Yesitis-althoughwecanwork cPaetnofri'esldpo:iNnottofrevailleyw,,tthhoisugishhforwomittmhiegehdtu-
inordertoachieveacureforepilepsy, alittlefasterthesedays.Infact.Doctor seem.Ilookonitthisway:themindand
sacrificeofthespeechareacanneverbe Rasmussen,theDirectoroftheMontreal thebrainmustbelookeduponasinde-
justified.Wemappedoutthecorticalarea NeurologicalInstitute,isstudyingacase pendent.Themindprogramsthebrainas
forspeechinhundredsofcasesand rightnow. apersonprogramsacomputer;themind
acquiredapreciseknowledgeofthe decidestowhatsortofstimuliattention
functionaldemarcations.Then,sometime Howcloselymappedoutarebrain willbepaid.Howitdoesthisisanother
inthethirtiesIwasaskedtogiveatalkat functionsnow? storyandisstillaverygreatmysterytous.
siLnuotdwedreeersntlCiyangnoacecdxuatrerCneosdlilotenogoemfeimntyMhoanntetuhrreeoralelo,wgaiacsnadlanit oPuentfiineldedta:iFlo.rWsepeaelcsho,htahveecaorftaierxlyiscmleaaprped fIteiwstyheiasrsI.havebeenstudyingforthepast
work-intoeducationandespeciallyinto understandingofcorticaldevelopment. Howdoyourelatephysiological
thelearningoflanguage. Forexample,inprimitiveanimalsthebrain understandingofbrainmechanisms
areasaremuchmorefullycommittedatbirth tosecondlanguagelearning?
Whattechniquesdidyouusefor eithertomotorortosensoryfunctions.
locatingbrainfunctions? Butinadvancedanimals,andespecially Penfield:Ibelievethemechanismforfirst
inman,thebrainofthenew-bornhas andsecondlanguagelearningisthesame.
Penfield:Muchoftheinformationhas areasofuncommittedcortexthatare,soto Ithasbecomeevidentthatinthebrainofa
cometousfromtheworkofothers,but speak,likeblankpageswaitingtobe smallchildaframeissetupforlanguage
therewasonemaintechniquethatwe writtenupon.Inman,partofthisuncom- learning.Whenasecondlanguageispre-
used.Beforetheoperation,thepatient mittedcortexisusedforspeechandis sented,thelanguagefailstofitthefirst
wasgivenalocalanesthetic;thena locatedinthedominanthemisphere-
usuallytheleft.Ourexperiencehasbeen
thatuptoabouttheageoftwelveinjury
tothisarearesultsatfirstinlossofspeech,
butspeechrecoveryfollowsowingto
orbit,Vol37,No2&3,2008