Oral Bioavailability of Flavonoids and Their Effects on the Metabolic and Antioxidative Status in

134 Pages·2015·1.43 MB·English

by  Maciej, Josefine

Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf
In cooperation with the Christian Albrechts University Kiel

Oral Bioavailability of Flavonoids
and Their Effects on the Metabolic and
Antioxidative Status in Neonatal Calves

[Orale Bioverfügbarkeit von Flavonoiden
sowie deren Effekte auf den Stoffwechsel und
den antioxidativen Status beim neugeborenen Kalb]

Dissertation
submitted for the Doctoral Degree
awarded by the Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences
of the Christian Albrechts University Kiel

submitted by
M.Sc. Josefine Maciej
from Kühlungsborn

Kiel, 2015

Dean: Prof. Dr. sc. agr. Eberhard Hartung
1. Examiner: PD Dr. med. vet. habil. Harald M. Hammon
2. Examiner: Prof. Dr. med. vet. Siegfried Wolffram
Day of oral examination: July 08, 2015
Printed with the approval of the Faculty for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences of the
Christian Albrechts University Kiel.

This dissertation was written at the
Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf (Head Prof. Dr. rer.
nat. habil. Manfred Schwerin) at the Institute of Nutritional Physiology ʻOskar Kellnerʼ
(Head: PD Dr. rer. nat. habil. Cornelia C. Metges) in the Division of Endocrine
Metabolic Regulation (Head: PD Dr. med. vet. habil. Harald M. Hammon).

This study was kindly supported by the
Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany (BMFT grant no. 0315538B).
Oral Bioavailability of Flavonoids
and Their Effects on the Metabolic and
Antioxidative Status in Neonatal Calves

[Orale Bioverfügbarkeit von Flavonoiden
sowie deren Effekte auf den Stoffwechsel und
den antioxidativen Status beim neugeborenen Kalb]

Faber est quisque fortunae suae.
(Appius Claudius Caecus)

CONTENT

Content

Abbreviations ................................................................................................................ IV

General Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1
References ......................................................................................................................... 4

Chapter 1
Literature Overview ....................................................................................................... 5
1.1 An introduction in flavonoids ..................................................................................... 6
1.1.1 Chemical structure and natural occurrence .................................................... 6
1.1.2 Biological effects of flavonoids in plants ..................................................... 10
1.1.3 Biological effects of flavonoids in humans and animals .............................. 10
1.2 Bioavailability of flavonoids .................................................................................... 12
1.2.1 General aspects of bioavailability with focus on ruminants ......................... 12
1.2.2 Absorption and distribution of flavonoids in the organism .......................... 14
1.2.3 Metabolism and excretion of flavonoids ...................................................... 17
1.2.4 Factors influencing bioavailability of flavonoids ......................................... 19
1.2.5 Studies on bioavailability of quercetin and catechins .................................. 20
1.3 Metabolic and health status in neonatal calves ......................................................... 24
1.3.1 Metabolic status in calves at birth and postnatal changes ............................ 24
1.3.2 Health status in calves and development of the immune system ................. 25
1.3.3 Oxidative stress and antioxidative capacity in neonatal calves .................... 26
1.3.4 Effects of flavonoid administration on development and health status in
neonatal calves ............................................................................................. 29
1.4 Conclusive remarks and need for further research ................................................... 31
References ....................................................................................................................... 32

I
CONTENT

Chapter 2
Bioavailability of the flavonol quercetin in neonatal calves after oral
administration of quercetin aglycone or rutin ............................................................ 51
Abstract ........................................................................................................................... 52
2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 53
2.2 Materials and Methods .............................................................................................. 54
2.2.1 Animals and feeding ..................................................................................... 54
2.2.2 Treatment and blood sampling ..................................................................... 55
2.2.3 Analytical methods ....................................................................................... 57
2.2.4 Calculations and statistical analyses ............................................................. 59
2.3 Results ....................................................................................................................... 60
2.3.1 Body weight and feed intake ........................................................................ 60
2.3.2 Bioavailability studies ................................................................................... 60
2.3.3 Plasma concentrations of metabolites and hormones ................................... 63
2.4 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 65
References ....................................................................................................................... 69

Chapter 3
Effects of oral flavonoid supplementation on metabolic and antioxidative status
in newborn dairy calves ................................................................................................ 77
Abstract ........................................................................................................................... 77
3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 78
3.2 Materials and Methods .............................................................................................. 80
3.2.1 Animals and feeding ..................................................................................... 79
3.2.2 Treatment and blood sampling ..................................................................... 81
3.2.3 Analytical methods ....................................................................................... 81
3.2.4 Statistical analyses ........................................................................................ 82
3.3 Results ....................................................................................................................... 84
3.3.1. Body weight, feed intake, and health status ................................................. 85
3.3.2 Plasma flavonoid concentrations .................................................................. 86

II
CONTENT

3.3.3 Markers for antioxidative capacity and oxidative stress .............................. 86
3.3.4 Plasma concentrations of metabolites and hormones ................................... 88
3.4 Discussion ................................................................................................................. 91
References ....................................................................................................................... 94

Chapter 4
General Discussion ........................................................................................................ 99
References ..................................................................................................................... 106

Summary ...................................................................................................................... 109
Zusammenfassung ...................................................................................................... 112
Appendix

III
ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviations
ASCE Ascorbic acid equivalent(s)
AUC Area under the curve
BW Body weight
BHT Butylhydroxytoluene
BV Bioavailability
CA Catechins
cfu Colony forming units
C Maximal reached plasma concentration
max
CP Crude protein
CTRL Control group, fed no flavonoid
d Day(s)
DM Dry matter
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
EDTA Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
8-iso-PGF 8-iso-prostaglandin F
2α 2α
ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
FRAP Ferric reducing ability of plasma
GH Growth hormone
GLUT Glucose transporter
GTE Green tea extract
h Hour(s)/time of day
HPLC High-performance liquid chromatography
Ig Immunoglobulin(s)
IGF Insulin-like growth factor
IU International units
LDL Low-density lipoprotein
LPH Lactase phlorizin hydrolase
MDAE Malondialdehyde equivalent
n Number
NEFA Non-esterified fatty acids
QA Quercetin aglycone
IV