Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases: An Illustrated Guide to Diagnosis and Management of Diseases of the Oral Mucosa, Gingivae, Teeth, Salivary Glands, Bones and Joints, Third Edition PDF
Preview Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases: An Illustrated Guide to Diagnosis and Management of Diseases of the Oral Mucosa, Gingivae, Teeth, Salivary Glands, Bones and Joints, Third Edition
Cover Page i ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL DISEASES Page ii This page intentionally left blank. Page iii ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL DISEASES An illustrated guide to the diagnosis and management of diseases of the oral mucosa, gingivae, teeth, salivary glands, bones and joints Third Edition Crispian Scully CBE, MD, PhD, MDS, MRCS, FDSRCS, FDSRCPS, FFDRCSI, FDSRCSE, FRCPath, FMedSci Professor of Special Needs Dentistry, and of Oral Medicine, Pathology and Microbiology Honorary Consultant University College London Hospitals, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children London and John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, and Dean and Director of Studies and Research Eastman Dental Institute for Oral Health Care Sciences University College London, UK Stephen R Flint MA, PhD, MBBS, FDSRCS, FFDRCSI, FICD Senior Lecturer and Consultant in Oral Medicine Dublin Dental School and Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland Stephen R Porter FDSRCSEng, FDSRCSEd, PhD, MD Professor of Oral Medicine Eastman Dental Institute for Oral Health Care Sciences University College London, UK Khursheed F Moos OBE, FDSRCSEng, MRCS, FDSRCSEd, FDSRCPS, FRCS Emeritus Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, UK LONDON AND NEW YORK A MARTIN DUNITZ BOOK Page iv © 1989, 1996, 2004 Taylor & Francis, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group First published in the United Kingdom in 1989 by Taylor & Francis, an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordchire OX14 4RN Tel.: +44 (0) 1235 828600 Fax.: +44 (0) 1235 829000 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.dunitz.co.uk This edition published in the Taylor & Francis eLibrary, 2006. To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk. Third edition 2004 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P OLP Although every effort has been made to ensure that all owners of copyright material have been acknowledged in this publication, we would be glad to acknowledge in subsequent reprints or editions any omissions brought to our attention. Although every effort has been made to ensure that drug doses and other information are presented accurately in this publication, the ultimate responsibility rests with the prescribing physician. Neither the publishers nor the authors can be held responsible for errors or for any consequences arising from the use of information contained herein. For detailed prescribing information or instructions on the use of any product or procedure discussed herein, please consult the prescribing information or instructional material issued by the manufacturer. This book includes some photographs that predate the recommendations on control of crossinfection: gloves should be worn where appropriate. A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data Data available on application ISBN 0203508955 Master ebook ISBN ISBN 0203623134 (OEB Format) ISBN 1841843385 (Print Edition) Distributed in the United States and Canada by: Thieme New York 333 Seventh Avenue New York, NY 10001, USA Distributed in the rest of the world by: Thomson Publishing Services Cheriton House North Way Andover, Hampshire SP10 5BE, UK Composition by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd, Chennai, India Page v CONTENTS PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION xi PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION xii PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION xiii 1 DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES AND MANAGEMENT 1 1.1 Differential diagnoses by symptoms or signs 2 1.2 Differential diagnoses by site 14 1.3 Guide to the diagnosis and management of oral diseases 20 1.4 Guide to drugs used in the management of oral diseases 46 1.5 Guide to the oral and perioral sideeffects of drug treatment 58 2 VIRAL INFECTIONS 65 Hand, foot and mouth disease 66 Herpangina 67 Herpes simplex infections 68 Herpes varicellazoster 76 Human papillomavirus infections 82 Infectious mononucleosis 85 Measles 87 Molluscum contagiosum 88 Mumps 89 Orf 90 Parvovirus infection 90 Rubella 91 Uvulitis 91 Vaccinia 92 Further reading 92 3 BACTERIAL INFECTIONS 95 Actinomycosis 96 Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis 97 Anthrax 98 Cancrum oris (noma) 98 Catscratch disease 99 Epithelioid angiomatosis 99 Leprosy 100 Reiter’s syndrome 101 Syphilis 102 Tuberculosis 107 Yaws 109 Further reading 110 4 MYCOSES 111 Aspergillosis 112 Blastomycoses 113 Candidosis 114 Histoplasmosis 123 Mucormycosis 123 Further reading 123 5 INFESTATIONS AND POSSIBLE INFECTIONS 125 Kawasaki’s disease 126 Larva migrans 126 Leishmaniasis 127 Myiasis 127 Sarcoidosis 127 Toxoplasmosis 130 Further reading 130 6 NEOPLASMS 133 Basal cell carcinoma 134 Granular cell tumour 134 Keratoacanthoma 135 Langerhans’ cell histiocytoses 135 Leiomyoma 136 Leukaemias 137 Lipoma 141 Lymphomas 142 Malignant melanoma 146 Melanoacanthoma 147 Metastatic neoplasms 147 Multiple myeloma 149 Mycosis fungoides 151 Myxoma 151 Neuroblastoma 152 Neuroectodermal tumour (congenital epulis) 153 Neuroma 153 Osteoma 155 Plasmacytoma 157 Rhabdomyosarcoma 157 Salivary neoplasms 158 Sarcomas 162 Squamous cell carcinomas 165 Further reading 171 7 HAMARTOMAS 173 Haemangioma 174 Lymphangioma 177 Further reading 178 Page vi 8 ENDOCRINE, NUTRITIONAL AND METABOLIC DISEASES 179 Acrodermatitis enteropathica 180 Acromegaly 181 Addison’s disease 183 Carcinoid syndrome 183 Cushing’s syndrome 183 Deficiency states 184 Diabetes mellitus 187 Glucagonoma 187 Hyperparathyroidism 188 Hypoparathyroidism 189 Hypophosphatasia 190 Hypothyroidism 191 LeschNyhan syndrome 191 Lipoid proteinosis 192 Mucopolysaccharidoses 192 Multiple endocrine adenoma syndrome 194 Further reading 194 9 IMMUNE DISORDERS 197 Amyloidosis 198 Hereditary angioedema 199 Genetically based immune defects 200 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease 203 Further reading 219 10 DISEASES OF THE BLOOD AND BLOODFORMING ORGANS 221 Aplastic anaemia 222 Bonemarrow transplantation 222 Chronic granulomatous disease 225 Fanconi’s anaemia 225 Folate deficiency 225 Haemoglobinopathies 226 Haemophilias 226 Hypoplasminogenaemia 228 Iron deficiency anaemia 229 Myelodysplastic syndromes 230 Neutropenia 230 Pernicious anaemia 232 Plasmacytosis 233 PlummerVinson syndrome 233 Polycythaemia rubra vera 234 Purpura 234 Von Willebrand’s disease 236 Further reading 237 11 MENTAL DISORDERS 239 Anorexia nervosa/bulimia 240 Atypical facial pain 241 Learning disability 241 Munchausen’s syndrome 242 Oral dysaesthesia 243 Psychogenic oral disease 243 Selfmutilation (oral artefactual disease) 246 Further reading 247 12 DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 249 Abducent nerve lesion 250 Bell’s palsy 250 Cerebral palsy 252 Cerebrovascular accident 252 Congenital pain insensitivity 252 Epilepsy 253 Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve palsy 253 Hypoglossal palsy 254 Lateral medullary syndrome 254 Möbius’ syndrome 255 Parkinsonism 255 RileyDay syndrome 255 Trigeminal neuralgia 256 Trigeminal sensory loss 257 Further reading 258 13 DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 261 Calibrepersistent artery 262 Cardiac transplantation 262 Giant cell arteritis 263 Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia 264 Ischaemic and other heart diseases 265 Midline granuloma 265 Periarteritis nodosa 266 Varices 266 Wegener’s granulomatosis 267 Further reading 267 14 DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 269 Antral carcinoma 270 Asthma 271 Cystic fibrosis 271 Fascial space infections 271 Influenza 271 Lung cancer 272 Page vii Lymphonodular pharyngitis 272 Maxillary sinusitis 272 Quinsy 273 Tonsillitis 273 Tuberculosis 273 Further reading 274 15 DISORDERS OF TEETH 275 Abrasion 276 Amelogenesis imperfecta 276 Ankylosis 279 Anomalies of tooth shape 280 Attrition 281 Dental caries 282 Dentinogenesis imperfecta 284 Dilaceration 286 Enamel cleft 287 Enamel hypoplasia 287 Enamel nodule 288 Erosion 289 Fluorosis 290 Hypercementosis 290 Hyperdontia 291 Hyperplastic pulpitis 292 Hypodontia 292 Impacted teeth 294 Localized damage 295 Malocclusion 296 Natal teeth 298 Nonvital teeth 299 Odontomes 299 Periapical abscess 301 Periapical cyst 306 Prominent tubercules or cusps 307 Residual cyst 307 Resorption 308 Retained primary tooth 308 Retained root 309 Taurodontism 310 Teratoma 311 Tooth extrinsic staining 311 Tooth intrinsic staining 312 Further reading 314 16 GINGIVAL AND PERIODONTAL DISEASE 317 Abscesses 318 Chronic hyperplastic gingivitis 319 Chronic marginal gingivitis 319 Dental bacterial plaque 320 Dental calculus 320 Desquamative gingivitis 321 Druginduced swelling 321 Fibrous epulis 322 Giant cell granuloma 322 Gingival cyst 322 Gingival fibromatosis 323 Gingival recession 324 Keratosis 324 Materia alba 325 Pericoronitis 325 Periodontitis 326 Pigmentation 327 Plasma cell gingivitis 328 Pyogenic granuloma 328 Tumours 329 Traumatic occlusion 329 Further reading 330 17 SALIVARY DISORDERS 331 Acute bacterial sialadenitis 332 Adenomatoid hyperplasia 333 Mucoceles 333 Necrotizing sialometaplasia 335 Obstructive sialadenitis 335 Salivary fistula 337 Sialosis 337 Tumours 338 Xerostomia 338 Further reading 339 18 MUCOSAL DISORDERS 341 Aphthae 342 Behçet’s syndrome 345 Black hairy tongue 347 Cheek chewing 348 Cheilitis 349 Dentureinduced hyperplasia 350 Dermoid cyst 351 Eosinophilic ulcer 351 Ephelis 351 Erythema migrans 352 Erythroplasia 355 Fibrous lump 356 Foliate papillitis 357 Furred tongue 357 Glossitis 357 Glossodynia 358 Keratosis 358 Leukoedema 362 Page viii Linea alba 363 Lingual abscess 363 Lingual haematoma 364 Lingual laceration 364 Lingual hemihypertrophy 365 Lip chapping 365 Lip fissure 365 Lip horn 366 Melanotic macules 367 Naevi 367 Oral submucous fibrosis 367 Papillary hyperplasia 368 Papillomatosis 369 Pigmentation 369 Pyogenic granuloma 370 Stomatitis nicotina 370 Tattoos 371 Traumatic ulcers 372 Verrucous hyperplasia 373 Verrucous xanthoma 374 Further reading 374 19 GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS 377 Crohn’s disease 378 Gastric regurgitation 381 Gastrointestinal neoplasms 381 Glutensensitive enteropathy 382 MelkerssonRosenthal syndrome 382 Orofacial granulomatosis 383 Peptic ulceration 383 Tylosis 383 Ulcerative colitis 384 Further reading 385 20 DISEASES OF THE LIVER 387 Alcoholic cirrhosis 388 Biliary atresia 388 Chronic active hepatitis 388 Liver transplantation 389 Primary biliary cirrhosis 389 Viral hepatitis 390 Further reading 390 21 DISEASES OF THE GENITOURINARY SYSTEM 393 Chronic renal failure 394 Hypophosphataemia 395 Renal transplantation 396 Further reading 396 22 COMPLICATIONS OF PREGNANCY, CHILDBIRTH, PUERPERIUM AND THE MENOPAUSE 399 Chloasma 400 Gingivitis during menstruation 400 Menopause 400 Pregnancy epulis 400 Pregnancy gingivitis 401 Further reading 401 23 DISEASES OF THE SKIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUES 403 Acanthosis nigricans 404 Acute lymphadenitis 405 Carbuncle 406 Dermatitis herpetiformis 407 Discoid lupus erythematosus 408 Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita 409 Erythema multiforme 409 Impetigo 412 Lichen planus 413 Lichen sclerosis 422 Linear IgA disease 422 Localized oral purpura 423 Necrotizing fasciitis 423 Pemphigoid 424 Pemphigus 427 Pigmented purpuric stomatitis 431 Psoriasis 431 StevensJohnson syndrome 433 Toxic epidermal necrolysis 434 Vitiligo 434 Further reading 434 24 DISEASES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE 437 Dermatomyositis 438 Felty’s syndrome 439 Mixed connectivetissue disease 439 Raynaud’s phenomenon 440 Rheumatoid arthritis 440 Scleroderma 442 Sjögren’s syndrome 445 Systemic lupus erythematosus 448 Further reading 451 25 ODONTOGENIC CYSTS AND NEOPLASMS 453 Adenomatoid odontogenic tumour 454 Ameloblastoma 454 Page ix Calcifying odontogenic cyst 456 Calcifying odontogenic tumour 456 Dentigerous cyst 457 Eruption cyst 458 Globulomaxillary cyst 459 Lateral periodontal cyst 459 Nasopalatine duct cyst 460 Odontogenic fibromyxoma 461 Odontogenic keratocyst 461 Further reading 462 26 DISORDERS OF BONE 465 Albright’s syndrome 466 Alveolar atrophy 467 Aneurysmal bone cyst 467 Cementoossifying fibroma 468 Cherubism 469 Dry socket 470 Exostoses 471 Fibrous dysplasia 471 Giant cell granuloma (central giant cell granuloma) 474 Haemorrhagic bone cyst 475 Ossifying fibroma 475 Osteomyelitis 476 Paget’s disease 479 Stafne bone cavity 483 Torus mandibularis 483 Torus palatinus 484 Further reading 484 27 JOINT DISORDERS 487 Condylar ankylosis 488 Polyvinyl chloride acroosteolysis 488 Temporomandibular joint arthritides 489 Temporomandibular joint subluxation 489 Temporomandibular joint paindysfunction syndrome 490 Further reading 490 28 CONGENITAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS 491 Abnormal labial fraenum 492 Absent uvula 492 Ankyloglossia 492 Apert’s syndrome 493 Ascher’s syndrome 494 Bifid uvula 494 Blue rubberbleb naevus syndrome 495 Branchial cyst 495 Caffey’s disease 495 Carney’s syndrome 496 Chievitz’s organ 497 Chondroectodermal dysplasia 497 Cleft lip and palate 498 Cleidocranial dysplasia 498 Cowden’s syndrome 501 Craniofacial microsomia 502 Craniometaphyseal dysplasia 504 Cri du chat syndrome 505 Crouzon’s syndrome 505 Cystic hygroma 507 Darier’s disease 507 De Lange’s syndrome 508 Down’s syndrome 509 Dyskeratosis congenita 512 Ectodermal dysplasia 512 EhlersDanlos syndrome 514 Epidermolysis bullosa 516 Epiloia 517 Familial gingival fibromatosis 519 Fissured tongue 519 Fordyce’s spots 520 Fragile X syndrome 520 Gardner’s syndrome 521 Gorlin’s syndrome 523 HallermannStreiff syndrome 525 Hemifacial hypertrophy 525 Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia 525 Hereditary palmoplantar keratoses 525 Ichthyosis 526 Incontinentia pigmenti 527 KlippelTrenaunayWeber syndrome 528 Laband’s syndrome 529 Leukoedema 530 Lip pit 531 Maffucci’s syndrome 531 Marfan’s syndrome 532 Mucinosis 533 Myotonic dystrophy 533 Naevi 534 Olmsted’s syndrome 535 Orofaciodigital syndrome 536 Osteogenesis imperfecta 537 Osteopetrosis 538 Pachyonychia congenita 538 Patau’s syndrome 539 PeutzJegher’s syndrome 540 Pierre Robin sequence syndrome 540 Racial pigmentation 540 Romberg’s syndrome 541 SmithLemliOpitz syndrome 541 SturgeWeber syndrome 542
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