Oracle Database Foundations

365 Pages·2004·8.753 MB·English

by  Bob Bryla

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Oracle Database
Foundations
Bob Bryla
San Francisco ◆ London
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Associate Publisher: Neil Edde
Acquisitions and Developmental Editor: Maureen Adams
Production Editor: Susan Berge
Copyeditor: Linda S. Recktenwald
Compositor: Craig Woods, Happenstance Type-O-Rama
Graphic Illustrator: Jeff Wilson, Happenstance Type-O-Rama
Proofreaders: Amy J. Rasmussen, Nancy Riddiough
Indexer: Ted Laux
Book Designer: Judy Fung
Cover Designer: Ingalls + Associates
Cover Photo: Jerry Driendl, Taxi
Copyright © 2004 SYBEX Inc., 1151 Marina Village Parkway, Alameda, CA 94501. World rights reserved. No part of this
publication may be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or reproduced in any way, including but not limited to photo-
copy, photograph, magnetic, or other record, without the prior agreement and written permission of the publisher.
An earlier version of this book was published under the title Oracle9i DBA JumpStart © 2003 SYBEX Inc.
Library of Congress Card Number: 2004109313
ISBN: 0-7821-4372-5
SYBEX and the SYBEX logo are either registered trademarks or trademarks of SYBEX Inc. in the United States and/or other countries.
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The author and publisher have made their best efforts to prepare this book, and the content is based upon final release software
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Manufactured in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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For MCL and the kids.
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Acknowledgments
I couldn’t have written this book without the help of many talented and creative people.
I would like to thank Neil Edde, associate publisher, and Maureen Adams, acquisitions editor, for recognizing
the need for an introductory Oracle DBA text. Many thanks to production editor Susan Berge and copyeditor
Linda Recktenwald for their valuable advice. Thanks also to technical editor Betty MacEwen for her attention
to detail and helpful suggestions throughout the book.
The nature of this book required a great deal of artwork. Jeff Wilson and the rest of Happenstance Type-O-Rama
did an excellent job of creating artwork that was appropriate for the book. They say a picture is worth a thousand
words, and their art is an essential part of this book. Somehow they were able to decipher my Microsoft Word
cave drawings and turn them into real graphics.
Many of my professional colleagues at both Lands’ End and Greenbrier & Russel were a source of both inspi-
ration and guidance. Also, regards to my long-lost friend from fourth grade, Janice, who I’m sure is a DBA out
there somewhere.
Finally, I want to thank my family for all of their support and patience. I was still able to give the kids a bath,
play some cards, and read books at bedtime, even with the short deadlines. The journey wouldn’t have been
half the fun without them.
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Contents
Introduction xiii
Chapter 1 Relational Database Concepts 1
Are Spreadsheets Like Databases? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Relational Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Tables, Rows, and Columns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Primary Keys, Datatypes, and Foreign Keys . . . . . . . . . 4
Data Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Object-Relational Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Abstraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Methods and Encapsulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Object-Relational Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Terms to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Chapter 2 SQL*Plus and iSQL*Plus Basics 13
Some SQL Formalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Tools for Running SQL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
SQL*Plus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
iSQL*Plus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
SQL*Plus Worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Third-Party Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
ODBC/JDBC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
OCI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
The Ubiquitous SELECT Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Column Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Column Renaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Duplicate Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
DML for Making Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
The UPDATE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
The INSERT Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
The DELETE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
The MERGE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
DDL for Handling Database Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
The CREATE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
The ALTER Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
The DROP Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
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The RENAME Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
The TRUNCATE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
DCL for Handling Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
The GRANT Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
The REVOKE Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Terms to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Chapter 3 Oracle Database Functions 43
Query Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
The DUAL Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
NULLs: What, When, Why, and How . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
String Literals and Concatenating Strings . . . . . . . . . . 47
Numeric Literals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Operators and Operator Precedence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Built-In Single-Row Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
String Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Numeric Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Date Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Conversion Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
General Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
User-Defined Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Terms to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Chapter 4 Restricting, Sorting, and Grouping Data 69
The WHERE Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Comparison Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
AND, OR, and NOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
BETWEEN, IN, and LIKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
IS NULL and IS NOT NULL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
The ORDER BY Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Group Functions and the GROUP BY Clause . . . . . . . . . 83
Group Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
The GROUP BY Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Using NVL with Group Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
The HAVING Clause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Terms to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Chapter 5 Using Multiple Tables 93
Join Syntax: Out with the Old and In with
the New (SQL:1999) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
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Contents vii
Equijoins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Pre-Oracle9i Equijoin Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Oracle9i Equijoin Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Non-equijoins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Pre-Oracle9i Non-equijoin Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Oracle9i Non-equijoin Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Outer Joins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Pre-Oracle9i Outer Join Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Oracle9i Outer Join Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Self-Joins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Pre-Oracle9i Self-Join Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Oracle9i Self-Join Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Cartesian Products: The Black Sheep of the Family . . . . 112
Pre-Oracle9i Cartesian Product Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Oracle9i Cartesian Product Syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Terms to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Chapter 6 Advanced SQL Queries 117
Subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Single-Row Subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Multiple-Row Subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Correlated Subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Multiple-Column Subqueries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Set Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
UNION and UNION ALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
INTERSECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
MINUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
ROLLUP and CUBE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
ROLLUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
CUBE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Terms to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Chapter 7 Logical Consistency 139
Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
NOT NULL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
CHECK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
UNIQUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
PRIMARY KEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
FOREIGN KEY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Transaction Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
The COMMIT Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
The ROLLBACK Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
The SAVEPOINT Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
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Terms to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Chapter 8 Installing Oracle and Creating a Database 155
Oracle Components Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Logical Storage Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Physical Storage Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Oracle Memory Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Background Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Installing Oracle Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Using the Oracle Universal Installer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Using the Oracle Enterprise Manager Tools . . . . . . . . 167
Creating an Oracle Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Disk and Memory Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Using the Database Configuration Assistant . . . . . . . 169
Terms to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Chapter 9 Reporting Techniques 181
iSQL*Plus Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Interface Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Script Formatting and System Variables . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Change Password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Report Formatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Headers and Footers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Column Formatting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
BREAK Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Summary Operations (Totals) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Substitution Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Saving and Running Scripts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Terms to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Chapter 10 Creating and Maintaining Database Objects 207
Creating Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Relational Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Create Table As Select (CTAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
External Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Temporary Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Creating Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Creating and Using Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
User-Defined Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Data Dictionary Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Dynamic Performance Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
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Creating Sequences and Synonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Synonyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Terms to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Chapter 11 Users and Security 229
Creating User Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Assigning Passwords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Creating and Assigning Profiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Assigning Default Tablespaces and Quotas . . . . . . . . 232
Granting and Revoking Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
System Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
Object Privileges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Creating and Assigning Roles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
Auditing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Statement Auditing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Object Auditing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Terms to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Chapter 12 Making Things Run Fast (Enough) 245
Oracle’s Tuning Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
When to Create Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Index Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Creating, Dropping, and Maintaining Indexes . . . . . . 250
Monitoring Indexes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Data Dictionary Index Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Data Design Tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Partitioned Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Materialized Views . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
SQL Application Tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Top SQL Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Explain Plan Graphical Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
The Oracle Optimizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Memory Tuning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Terms to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Chapter 13 Saving Your Stuff (Backups) 273
Database Failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
User Backup and Recovery Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
Export and Import for Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
Flashback Query . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
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DBA Backup and Recovery Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Export and Import for DBAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Cold Backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Hot Backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Log Miner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Recovery Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Terms to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Chapter 14 Troubleshooting 295
The Alert Log File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Locating the Alert Log File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Viewing the Alert Log File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Maintaining the Alert Log File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Event Notification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Oracle9i OEM Event Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Oracle 10g Advisory Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
System Trace Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
User Trace Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Enabling Tracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Locating the User Trace Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Converting the Trace File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
Terms to Know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
Appendix A Answers to Review Questions 313
Chapter 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Chapter 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Chapter 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Chapter 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Chapter 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
Chapter 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Chapter 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Chapter 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Chapter 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Chapter 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Chapter 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Chapter 12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Chapter 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Chapter 14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Appendix B Common Database Platforms 327
Enterprise Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Oracle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
IBM DB2/UDB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327