Optoelectronics and Photonics: Principles and Practices

551 Pages·2012·30.56 MB·English

by  Kasap, Safa O

Selected definitions and basic equations
Photon energy Attenuation in second medium in TIR
Photon momEenphtu=mhy = hv; v = 2py a2 = 2plon2 nn12 2 sin 2 ui - 1 1>2
h ca b d
pph = l = hk Reflectance, transmittance (normal incidence)
n1 - n2 2
Photon flux Φph and irradiance (intensity) R = R# = R// = n1 + n2 ;
Photons crossing area A in time ∆t ∆Nph a 4n n b
Φph = A∆t = A∆t T = T# = T// = (n1 +1 n22)2
I = hyΦph Fabry–Perot cavity
Propagation constant (wave vector) c
2p ym = m 2L = myf, m = 1, 2, 3, c
k =
l
yfa b pR12
Phase velocity dym = F ; F = 1 ->R
v c c
v = ly = k ; v = n = e Single slit diffraction
r
1
Changes in wavelength and frequency1 I(u) = I(0)sinc2(b); b = (ka sin u)
2
dl dy l2 c
l = - y ; dl = - c dy = -y2 dy Airy disk, angular radius, divergence
l
Group velocity sin uo = 1.22D
dv
vg = dk Divergence = 2uo ≈ 2 * 1.22Dl
Group index
c dn Diffraction grating
vg(medium) = Ng ; Ng = n - lodlo d( sin um - sin ui) = ml; m = 0, {1, {2, c
Electric and magnetic fields V-number, normalized frequency
c 2pa 2pa
Ex = vBy = n By V = l (n12 - n22)12; V = l NA
>
Poynting vector and irradiance
Normalized index difference
1
S = v2eoerE * B ; I = Saverage = 2 veoerEo2 ∆ = (n1 - n2) n1
Acceptance angle and numerical >aperture (NA)
Snell’s law and the Brewster angle
n1 sin ui = n2 sin ut; sin uc = nn21; tan up = nn21 2amax; sin amax = (n12 -n0n22)1>2; sin amax = NnA0
Phase change in total internal reflection (TIR) Normalized propagation constant
tan 1f = [sin 2ui - n2]1 2; n = n2 b = (b k)2 - n22 ≈ (b k) - n2
2 # cos ui > n1 n>12 - n22 n>1 - n2
tan1 12 (f2// + p) = [s in 2nu2i co-s un2]1>2 b ≈ 1.1428 - 0.9V96 2 for 1.5 6 V 6 2.5
i
a b
1 2
Single mode waveguides Optical gain coefficient
Planar waveguide: V 6 p2 g(y) = sem(y)N2 - sab(y)N1
Step@index fiber: V 6 2.405
> Optical gain
Mode field diameter
G = exp(gL)
2w = 2a(0.65 + 1.619V-3 2 + 2.879V-6);
Threshold gain in lasers
0.8 6 V 6 2.5 >
1 1
Dispersion in multimode step-index fiber gth = as + 2L ln R R = at
∆t ≈ n1 - n2 = n1∆ Photon cavity lifetime a 1 2b
L c c
t ≈ n ca
Dispersion coefficient ph t
Bandgap light and wavelength
∆t L = Spread in group delay per unit length >
> = D∆∆tl lg(om) = E1g(.2eV4)
D =
L∆l Responsivity of a photodetector
Chromatic dispersion Photocurrent (A) Iph
∆t R = =
L = Dm + Dw + Dp ∆l Incident optical power (W) Po
External quantum efficiency of a photodetector
Maximum RTZ bit r0ate 0
0.25 I e
ph
B ≈ s he = P hy
o >
Attenuation in optical fibers
Phase change between e- and o-waves
>
1 P
adB = L 10 log Poiunt = 4.34a f = 2lp (ne - no)L
where a is the attenuation acoeffbicient.
Arthur L. Schawlow is adjusting a ruby optical maser during an
experiment at Bell Labs, while C.G.B. Garrett prepares to photo-
graph the maser flash. In 1981, Arthur Schawlow shared the
Nobel Prize in Physics for his “contribution to the development
of laser spectroscopy.” (Reprinted with permission of Alcatel-
Lucent USA Inc.)
The patent for the invention of the laser by Charles H. Townes and Arthur L. Schawlow in 1960 (Reprinted with permis-
sion of Alcatel-Lucent USA Inc.). This laser patent was later bitterly disputed for almost three decades in the so-called
“laser patent wars” by Gordon Gould, an American physicist, and his designated agents. Gordon Gould eventually received
the U.S. patent for optical pumping of the laser in 1977 inasmuch as the original laser patent did not detail such a pump-
ing procedure. In 1987 he also received a patent for the gas discharge laser, thereby winning his 30-year patent war. His
original notebook even contained the word “laser.” (See “Winning the laser-patent war”, Jeff Hecht, Laser Focus World,
December 1994, pp. 49–51).
Second Edition
Optoelectronics
and Photonics:
Principles and Practices
S.O. Kasap
University of Saskatchewan
Canada
International Edition Contributions by
Ravindra Kumar Sinha
Delhi Technological University
India
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ISBN 978-0-13-215149-8, by S.O. Kasap, published by Pearson Education © 2013.
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We have a habit in writing articles published in scientific journals to make
the work as finished as possible, to cover up all the tracks, to not worry
about the blind alleys or describe how you had the wrong idea first, 
and so on. So there isn’t any place to publish, in a dignified manner,
what you actually did in order to get to do the work.
—Richard P. Feynman
Nobel Lecture, 1966
Philip Russell led a team of researchers at the University Bath in the 1990s where photonic crystal fibers were
drawn. Thin hollow capillary tubes were stacked together and then fused to make a preform as shown on the left.
A photonic crystal fiber was then drawn at a high temperature from this preform. Photonic crystal fibers have
the ability to guide light endlessly in a single mode, and have highly desirable nonlinear properties for various
photonics applications in the manipulation of light, such as the generation of supercontinuum light. (Courtesy
of Professor Philip Russell.)
Peter Schultz, Donald Keck, and Bob Maurer (left to right) at Corning were the first to
produce low-loss optical fibers in the 1970s by using the outside vapor deposition method
for the fabrication of preforms, which were then used to draw fibers with low losses.
(Courtesy of Corning.)
To Nicolette, who brightens my every day
and makes me smile with joy every time I see her.
Preface
The first edition of this book was written more than 12 years ago. At the time it was meant
as an easy-to-read book for third-year engineering or applied physics undergraduate students;
it emphasized qualitative explanations and relied heavily on intuitive derivations. As things
turned out, the first edition ended up being used in fourth-year elective classes, and even in
graduate courses on optoelectronics. Many of the instructors teaching at that level rightly need-
ed better derivations, more rigor, better explanations, and, of course, many more topics and
problems. We have all at one time or another suffered from how wrong some intuitive short-cut
derivations can be. The second edition was therefore prepared by essentially rewriting the text
almost from scratch with much better rigor and explanations, but without necessarily dwell-
ing on mathematical details. Many new exciting practical examples have been introduced, and
numerous new problems have been added. The book also had to be totally modernized given
that much had happened in the intervening 12 years that deserved being covered in an under-
graduate course.
Features, Changes, and revisions
in the seCond edition
The second edition represents a total revision of the first edition, with numerous additional fea-
tures and enhancements.
• All chapters have been totally revised and extended.
• Numerous modern topics in photonics have been added to all the chapters.
• There are Additional Topics that can be covered in more advanced courses, or in courses
that run over two semesters.
• There are many more new examples and solved problems within chapters, and many
more practical end-of-chapter problems that start from basic concepts and build up onto
advanced applications.
• Nearly all the illustrations and artwork in the first edition have been revised and redrawn
to better reflect the concepts.
• Numerous new illustrations have been added to convey the concepts as clearly as possible.
• Photographs have been added, where appropriate, to enhance the readability of the book
and to illustrate typical modern photonic/optoelectronic devices.
• The previous edition’s Chapter 7 on photovoltaics has been incorporated into this edition’s
Chapter 5 as an Additional Topic, thus allowing more photonics-related topics to be covered.
• Advanced or complicated mathematical derivations are avoided and, instead, the emphasis
is placed on concepts and engineering applications.
• Useful and essential equations in photonics are given with explanations and are used in
examples and problems to give the student a sense of what typical values are.
• Cross referencing in the second edition has been avoided as much as possible, without too
much repetition, to allow various sections and chapters to be skipped as desired by the reader.
• There is greater emphasis on practical or engineering examples; care has been taken to
consider various photonics/optoelectronics courses at the undergraduate level across major
universities.
5
6 Preface
• The second edition is supported by an extensive PowerPoint presentation for instructors
who have adopted the book for their course. The PowerPoint slides have all the illustra-
tions in color, and include additional color photos. The basic concepts and equations are
also highlighted in additional slides. There are also numerous slides with examples and
solved problems. Instructors should visit www.pearsoninternationaleditions.com/kasap to
access the PowerPoints.
• The second edition is also supported by an extensive Solutions Manual for instructors
only. This is available from the publisher at www.pearsoninternationaleditions/kasap.
The second edition continues to represent a first course in optoelectronic materials and
devices suitable for a half- or one-semester course at the undergraduate level either at the third-
or fourth-year level in electrical engineering, engineering physics, and materials science and
engineering departments. With its additional topics, it can also be used as an introductory text-
book at the graduate level. Normally the students would not have covered Maxwell’s equations.
Although Maxwell’s equations are mentioned in the text to alert the student, they are not used
in developing the principles. It is assumed that the students would have taken a basic first- or
second-year physics course, with modern physics, and would have seen rudimentary concepts in
geometrical optics, interference, and diffraction, but not Fresnel’s equations and concepts such
as group velocity and group index. Typically an optoelectronics course would be given either
after a semiconductor devices course or concurrently with it. Students would have been exposed
to elementary quantum mechanics concepts, perhaps in conjunction with a basic semiconductor
science course.
Most topics are initially introduced through qualitative explanations to allow the concept
to be grasped first before any mathematical development. The mathematical level is assumed to
include vectors, complex numbers, and partial differentiation but excludes reliance on Fourier
transforms. On the one hand, we are required to cover as much as possible and, on the other
hand, professional engineering accreditation requires students to solve numerical problems
and carry out “design calculations.” In preparing the text, I tried to satisfy engineering degree
accreditation requirements in as much breadth as possible. Obviously one cannot solve numeri-
cal problems, carry out design calculations, and at the same time derive each equation without
expanding the size of the text to an intolerable level. I have missed many topics but I have also
covered many, though, undoubtedly, it is my own very biased selection.
I would like to thank two very special colleagues, whom I have known for a very long
time, for their comments and help: Harry Ruda (University of Toronto) and Raman Kashyap
(École Polytechnique de Montréal)—two perfect gentlemen who read some of the manuscript
and made valuable criticisms toward this final version.
No textbook is perfect and I can only improve the text with your input. Please feel free
to write to me with your comments. Although I may not be able to reply to each individual
comment and suggestion, I do read all my email messages and take good note of suggestions
and comments. Many instructors did, in fact, write to me on the first edition, pointed out how
things could have been done better, and various mistakes one never seems to be able to eliminate
totally. I hope that the second edition will at least go far in satisfying some of their criticisms.
There is an important old adage that goes something like this (somewhat paraphrased), “a good
diagram is worth a thousand words, but a bad diagram takes a thousand words to explain.”
I used a software package called Canvas to draw nearly all the line-art in the second edition as
clearly as possible, and errors are all mea culpa; feel free to email me the errors you notice in the
figures. All third-party artwork and photographs have been used with permission; and I’m grateful to