Optimization of Energy Supply Systems: Modelling, Programming and Analysis

301 Pages·2019·5.932 MB·English

by  Janet Nagel

Lecture Notes in Energy 69
Janet Nagel
Optimization of
Energy Supply
Systems
Modelling, Programming and Analysis
Lecture Notes in Energy
Volume 69
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Janet Nagel
Optimization of Energy
Supply Systems
Modelling, Programming and Analysis
123
Janet Nagel
Berlin, Germany
ISSN 2195-1284 ISSN 2195-1292 (electronic)
Lecture Notesin Energy
ISBN978-3-319-96354-9 ISBN978-3-319-96355-6 (eBook)
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Preface
This book continues my strong commitment to energy supply as a topic. It repre-
sents a return to my roots in energy supply modeling and optimization of energy
supply systems. The first time I worked on the topic of optimizing energy supply
systems was more than 20 years ago. Even then, the models selected differed
enormously, some favored heuristic models, some focused on agency, and others
used classic linear optimization models. In the context of the energy transition in
Germany, this topic has garnered significantly more interest than before. Around
theglobe, countless questions abouthow tosolve theenergy supply problem for a
sustainable future for all urgently await an answer.
Almost by accident, I found out about an exciting new project, or rather, an
exciting new system of program in this field, the Open Energy System Modelling
Framework (OEMEF). This project, or rather, this tool, can make an important
contributiontoansweringthesemyriadquestionsonoptimizingenergysupplyand
thuscancontributetomakingtheGermanandtheglobalenergytransitionareality.
OEMOF providesa genericapproach for the modeling andoptimizationof energy
supply systems. Generic approaches, i.e., approaches that work in many different
contexts,areakeyfeatureofobject-orientedprogramming.Thegenericconceptof
OEMOF is reflected in the generic and recurring description of classes and func-
tions. This allows OEMOF to be applied to very different types of problems.
Ihadstartedworkingondatabasesmorethan15yearsagoandwasparticularly
interested in generic approaches. My idea was that having to reprogram databases
again and again and having to continually adapt data models seemed inefficient.
I therefore looked into creating a generic data model. More information about
publications on this topic can be found at http://www.risa.eu/de/safetyanalyses/
publications.php.
The OEMOF project is also inspired by the vision that those interested in
optimizing energy supply systems will no longer have to create all their models
from scratch but can make use of this wonderful resource to concentrate on
reflecting the specific aspects of their optimization problem. At the moment, this
system of program is still in its development stage. As this is an open source
v
vi Preface
project, this means that you are all invited to improve its design and use your
knowledge to further its development.
OEMOF is continually being improved and redeveloped by the OEMOF com-
munity. Even while I was writing this book, OEMOF development moved on to a
new stage by issuing Release v0.2.0. As this new version was released just before
the book was completed, it was not possible to include user feedback on how this
new Release handles here.
This book is designed to be a first step toward bringing the OEMOF user and
developer community together and introducing the tool to potential modelers.
When I started working with the tool I wanted to understand and to pass on tomy
readershowtheprogrammingofthemodelingsoftwarewascarriedout.Thisisthe
reasonwhythisbookgivesseveralsourcecodeexcerptsandprovidesanumberof
examples of OEMOF applications.
TheOEMOFdevelopercommunity,andinparticularthosewhohavestartedthis
projectandcontinuetoworkonit,willhavetheirveryownviewsonOEMOFand
onhowtowriteaboutit.Afterall,theyhavedevelopedthetoolandgaveitlife.For
this reason, this is a book about OEMOF and not a book by OEMOF, i.e., written
by the OEMOF community. Nevertheless, I am convinced that this book will be a
greathelpforgettingstartedwithmodelinginOEMOF.Myownworkresearching
at university level has shown me that modelers who have never before worked on
optimization questions can find it hard to understand how to work with this tool.
Therefore,Ibelievethatthisbook,thoughitcannotanswerallyourquestions,will
help get you into OEMOF.
The quality of books depends on the expert knowledge and range of topics
contained in them; this is something that I have made use of here as in all my
previous books. The experts that have to be acknowledged here are first and
foremost the OEMOF community. They have helped me gain a deep insight into
the program by providing workshops and discussions and by commenting parts
of the manuscript for this book. I would like to thank them very much for their
support.
I would also like to give a special thanks to Dr. Stöhr from B.A.U.M. Consult
GmbH for his active support of this book project. By means of discussions and
constructiveexchanges,hisviewsandinsightshavefedintothetopicofoptimizing
energysupplysystems,whichissoprominentinthebook.Dr.Stöhr’sloveofdetail
and his interest and enthusiasm for portraying mathematical aspects as clearly and
preciselyaspossiblehaveinspiredmetodelvemoredeeplyintothissubject.Aswe
all know how precious time is in our professional lives and how busy Dr. Stöhrs
diary, I am even more grateful for how generous he has been with his time and
support in passing on his expert knowledge.
I had always planned to publish this book in English. This was made possible
withtheassistanceofProf.Dr.VerenaJungoftheAKADUniversity,professorof
linguisticsandtranslation.HerexpertiseintranslatingthisbookintoEnglishmakes
it available to a wider readership. I would like to thank her for completing this
important task.
Preface vii
Scenario building plays a vital role in developing energy models. Within the
workinggroup“InternetofEnergy”oftheBDI(TheFederationofGermanIndustries),
especially with Detlef Schumann, BridgingIT GmbH, I discussed important method-
ical approaches for this chapter. I would like to thank Mr. Schuhmann for these
inspiring talks and impulses.
AsthisbookislargelyconcernedwiththePythonprogramminglanguage,Ihave
soughtouttheexpertsupportofHenrikFahlke,developerandPythonspecialist.He
answeredallmyquestionsonPythonandhelpedmewritemyownlittleexamplein
code. I would like to thank him very much for his time and his support.
IwouldalsoliketothankmyfaithfulpublishingcolleagueDr.SilviaPorstmann,
CEOofSeramunDiagnosticaGmbH,forhersupportandworkonthismanuscript.
In particular, her proofreading of the English translation has been invaluable.
Iwouldliketothankherforherkeeninterestandhercommitment,withwhichshe
also supported my previous two book projects.
A book project can only thrive if it is supported by its publisher. Springer
Publications have been a very competent and supportive partner in this endeavor.
I would like to thank all Springer Publications employees involved in this project.
Last but not least, my very particular thanks must go to my family. Not only
have they actively supported me in this book project, but more importantly, they
took the many hours that I worked on this project during our holidays or on the
weekend in their stride. Without your support, none of these projects would have
been possible. Thank you so much!
Finally,Iwouldliketowishallreadersofthisbook,energymodelers,andfuture
OEMOF developers an enjoyable introduction to this wonderful tool. Together we
will get the energy transition off the ground!
Berlin, Germany Janet Nagel
April 2018
Contents
1 The OEMOF Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Methods for Developing Strategies and Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 What Is OEMOF Based on? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3 Linear Programming (LP) and Mixed-Integer Linear
Programming (MILP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.3.1 Linear Programming (LP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.3.2 Example Biogas Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.3.3 Formal Structure of LP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.3.4 Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.3.5 Sensitivity Analyses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2 The Generic Base Model in OEMOF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.1 Python Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.1.1 Classes, Objects and Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.1.2 Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.1.3 Creating Classes, Objects and Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.1.4 Class Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.1.5 Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.1.6 Programming Your Own Analyses in Python . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.2 Structure of the Generic Model in OEMOF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.3 Libraries in OEMOF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.3.1 The Oemof-Network Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.3.2 The Oemof-Solph Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.3.3 The Oemof-Outputlib Library. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.3.4 The Feedinlib Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.3.5 The Library Demandlib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.4 Key Packages and Modules in OEMOF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.4.1 Module Energy_System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.4.2 Module Groupings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
ix
x Contents
2.4.3 The oemof.outputlib Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.4.4 The oemof.solph Package. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.4.5 The oemof.tools.Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
2.5 The Process of Developing Your Own Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3 Mathematical Description of the Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.1 Mathematical Equations in the Module blocks.py. . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
3.1.1 Class Flow(SimpleBlock). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
3.1.2 Class InvestmentFlow(SimpleBlock). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
3.1.3 Class Bus(SimpleBlock). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
3.1.4 Class Transformer(SimpleBlock). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.1.5 Class NonConvexFlow(SimpleBlock) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
3.2 Mathematical Equations in the Module components.py. . . . . . . . . 129
3.2.1 Class GenericStorage(network.Transformer) . . . . . . . . . . . 129
3.2.2 Class GenericStorageBlock(SimpleBlock) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
3.2.3 Class GenericInvestmentStorageBlock(SimpleBlock) . . . . . 133
3.2.4 Class GenericCHP(network.Transformer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
3.2.5 Class GenericCHPBlock(SimpleBlock) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
3.2.6 Class ExtractionTurbineCHP(solph_Transformer) . . . . . . . 145
3.2.7 Class ExtractionTurbineCHPBlock(SimpleBlock). . . . . . . . 146
3.3 Mathematical Equation System in the Module constraints.py. . . . . 149
3.4 Mathematical Equations in the Module custom.py . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
3.4.1 Class ElectricalLineBlock(SimpleBlock) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
3.4.2 Class GenericCAESBlock(SimpleBlock) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
3.5 Methods Provided in the Module models.py. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
4 Modeling in OEMOF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
4.1 Working with the OEMOF Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
4.1.1 A Deeper Insight into Programming in Python . . . . . . . . . 164
4.1.2 Oemof-Energy_System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
4.1.3 Oemof-Groupings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
4.1.4 Oemof-Network. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
4.1.5 Oemof-Solph. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
4.1.6 Oemof-Outputlib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
4.1.7 Oemof-Feedinlib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
4.1.8 Oemof-Demandlib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
4.2 Procurement of Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
4.3 The Program Spyder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
4.3.1 Spyder Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
4.3.2 Variable Explorer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227