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optimal design of truss structure with actuators a thesis submitted to the graduate school of natural PDF

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OPTIMAL DESIGN OF TRUSS STRUCTURE WITH ACTUATORS A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY ASLI AKGÖZ IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING NOVEMBER 2004 Approval of the Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. Canan Özgen Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof. Dr. Kemal İder Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. Prof. Dr. E. Bülent Platin Prof. Dr. Tuna Balkan Co-Supervisor Supervisor Examining Committee Members Prof. Dr. Mehmet Çalışkan (METU, ME) Prof. Dr. Tuna Balkan (METU, ME) Prof. Dr. E. Bülent Platin (METU, ME) Prof. Dr. Levend Parnas (METU, ME) Prof. Dr. Yavuz Yaman (METU, AEE) I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Aslı Akgöz Signature : ABSTRACT OPTIMAL DESIGN OF TRUSS STRUCTURE WITH ACTUATORS Akgöz, Aslı M. Sc., Department of Mechanical Engineering Department Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Tuna Balkan Co-Supervisor: Prof. Dr. E. Bülent Platin November 2004, 157 pages Smart structures become highly popular with the developing technology. The aim of this study is to develop a basic model, which can be also used in the design of more complex systems by performing simultaneous optimization of a structure and associated controller with respect to some design parameters and feedback gains. In this thesis work, two smart structures are used as case studies and their results are compared with the available results in the literature. The first case study is simple two- bar truss problem controlled by either one or two actuators. This problem is solved both numerically and analytically. The latter is a twenty-element parabolic truss, which is controlled by four actuators. This problem is solved numerically only. In the optimization process, the design parameters are taken as the cross sectional areas of bar elements, positions and/or number of actuators, and the elements of iv closed loop gain matrix. In the second case study, in addition to these parameters, shape design parameters are also optimized. A coordinate transformation is applied in both cases from the displacement space to the modal space. The modal model reduction method is used in the design of second problem. The optimization goal in both cases studies is to minimize the system energy while satisfying some frequency and mass constraints. In the second case study, in addition to the original objective function, system controllability and stability robustness are also maximized. In the solution of design problem, two optimization algorithms are used one embedded within the other. In the outer loop, a hide and seek simulated annealing algorithm optimizes structural design parameters, and positions and/or number of actuators. In order to generate a candidate design family for this level, optimal closed loop gain matrices are calculated by using MATLAB®. Keywords: Simultaneous structure/controller optimization, hide and seek simulated annealing algorithm, quadratic optimal controller. v ÖZ EYLEYİCİLİ ÇUBUK-KAFES YAPININ ENİYİLENEREK TASARIMI Akgöz, Aslı Yüksek Lisans, Makina Mühendisliği Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi : Prof. Dr. Tuna Balkan Ortak Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. E. Bülent Platin Kasım 2004, 157 sayfa Akıllı yapıların kullanımı gelişen teknoloji ile birlikte oldukça yaygınlaşmıştır. Bu tezin amacı bu tür bir problemin eniyilenmiş yapısal ve denetleyici tasarımını gerçekleştirerek daha karmaşık sistemlerin çözümüne temel oluşturacak bir yöntem geliştirmektir. Bu çalışmada, eyleyici ile denetlenen iki farklı çubuk-kafes yapının hem yapısal hem de denetleyici tasarım değişkenlerinin beraber eniyilenmesi yapılmıştır. Çözülen bu problemler daha önce yapılan çalışmalardaki çözümlerle karşılaştırılmıştır. İlk problemde, tek eyleyici ile denetlenen, iki elemanlı düzlemsel bir çubuk-kafes yapı analitik ve sayısal yöntemler kullanılarak çözülmüştür. Diğer problemde ise, dört eyleyici ile denetlenen yirmi elemanlı parabolik şekilli bir düzlemsel çubuk-kafes yapı sayısal yöntemler kullanılarak çözülmüştür. vi Tasarım parametreleri olarak, çubuk elemanların kesit alanları, eyleyicilerin yerleri ve/veya eyleyici sayısı ile durum değişkenlerinin geri besleme kazanç katsayıları alınmıştır. İkinci problemde, bunların yanısıra şekil tasarım değişkenleri de kullanılmıştır. Her iki çalışmada da modele, yerdeğiştirme uzayından modal uzaya, koordinat dönüşümü uygulanmıştır. İkinci problemde yüksek mertebedeki doğal frekanslar gözardı edilerek modal model düşürme yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Her iki problemde eniyilemenin amacı hem frekans hem kütle sınırlamasını sağlarken sistem enerjisini en az seviye getirmektir. İkinci problemde, bunların yanında, sistemin denetlenebilirliğinin ve kararlılık gürbüzlüğünün artırılmaya çalışıldığı bir durum incelenmiştir. Problemin çözümünde iç içe iki eniyileme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Dış döngüde yapısal tasarım değişkenleri ile eyleyicinin yeri ve/veya eyleyici sayısını belirleyen araştır ve sakla tavlama benzetimi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. İç döngüde ise, yaratılan bu tasarım değişkenleri kullanılarak oluşturulmuş modelin eniyi denetleyici kazanç katsayıları MATLAB® kullanılarak hesaplanmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Yapı ve Denetleyici Beraber Eniyilemesi, Araştır ve Sakla Tavlama Benzetimi Yöntemi, İkinci Dereceden Eniyilenmiş Denetleyici vii To my Family, viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my sincere thanks and appreciation to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Tuna Balkan and co-supervisor Prof. Dr. E. Bülent Platin for being a continuous source of support and encouragement while this work was being completed. I am deeply grateful for the time and effort they have taken to teach me and provide direction for my research. The greatest thanks go to my family for their love, support, and thrust. Their role in this study is inestimable. Thanks to Gülnihal Odabaşı, Cengiz Tendürüs, Anıl Ünal, and the other friends in Roketsan Inc. for creating me a good environment to love my job and sharing their talents and experiences during this thesis work. Very special thanks to my special friends Gizem Karslı, Danish Ahmed and A. Özgür Vural for giving me strength to complete this work. Finally, I would like to thanks to Ç. Görkem Bingöl for being part of my life. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT.................................................................................................................IV ÖZ................................................................................................................................VI ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.............................................................................................IX TABLE OF CONTENTS...............................................................................................X LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................XIV LIST OF FIGURES...................................................................................................XVI NOMENCLATURE.................................................................................................XVIII ABBREVIATIONS....................................................................................................XXI CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................1 1.1 OPTIMIZATION PROBLEM............................................................................4 1.1.1 Design Parameters.................................................................................5 1.1.2 Constraints..............................................................................................6 1.1.3 Objective function...................................................................................8 1.1.4 Solution Algorithm.................................................................................11 1.2 MATHEMATICAL MODELING......................................................................13 1.2.1 Structural Modeling...............................................................................13 1.2.2 Controller Modeling...............................................................................14 1.2.3 Modal State Transformation and Model Reduction...............................16 1.3 DEFINITION OF THE CURRENT PROBLEM...............................................18 2. MATHEMATICAL MODELING...........................................................................20 2.1 FINITE ELEMENT MODEL...........................................................................21 x

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Prof. Dr. Tuna Balkan. (METU, ME). Prof. Dr. E. Bülent Platin. (METU, ME). Prof. Dr. Levend Parnas. (METU, ME). Prof. Dr. Yavuz Yaman. (METU, AEE)
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