Optics, Sound and Waves

420 Pages·5·18.865 MB·English

by  Nelkon. Michael F.

Optics
Sound and
Waves ‘M.NELKON
Sth Edition with S1Units 7
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JACKSON COMMUNITY COLLEGE LIBRARY
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JACKSON, MICHIGAN 49201
Be? JWacIksTonL ” DCoRlleAgre etvo yM UA
Optics. Sound
and Waves
BOOKS BY M. NELKON
Published by Heinemann
ADVANCED LEVEL PHYSICS (SI!) (withP . Parker)
SCHOLARSHIP PHYSICS (SI)
OPTICS, SOUND AND WAVES (SI)
MECHANICS AND PROPERTIES OF MATTER (SI)
ADVANCED LEVEL PRACTICAL PHYSICS (SI) (with J. Ogborn)
PRINCIPLES OF ATOMIC PHYSICS AND ELECTRONICS (SI!)
REVISION NOTES IN ADVANCED LEVEL PHYSICS (SI!)
Book I. Mechanics, Electricity, Atomic Physics
Book II. Optics, Waves, Sound, Heat & Properties of Matter
GRADED EXERCISES AND WORKED EXAMPLES IN PHYSICS (SI!)
NEW TEST PAPERS IN PHYSICS (SI)
SOLUTIONS TO ADVANCED LEVEL PHYSICS QUESTIONS (SI)
SOLUTIONS TO ORDINARY LEVEL PHYSICS QUESTIONS (S!)
ELEMENTARY PHYSICS, Book | and II (with A. F. Abbott) (s1)
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE MATHEMATICS OF PHYSICS (S!)
(with J. H. Avery)
ELECTRONICS AND RADIO (S!1)
REVISION BOOK IN ORDINARY LEVEL PHYSICS (sl!)
Published by Edward Arnold
ELECTRICITY (Advanced Level, s1)
Published by Hart- Davis Educational
PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICS (O-Level, s1)
EXERCISES IN ORDINARY LEVEL PHYSICS (SI)
C.S.E. PHYSICS (SI)
REVISION BOOK IN C.S.E. PHYSICS (SI)
SI UNITS: AN INTRODUCTION FOR A-LEVEL
Published by Blackie
HEAT (Advanced Level, s1)
Optics,
Sound and
Waves
(Previously entitled Light and Sound)
Fifth edition with SI units
M. NELKON, M.Sc.(Lond.), F.lInst.P., A.K.C.
formerly Head of the Science Department,
William Ellis School, London
HEINEMANN EDUCATIONAL BOOKS
LONDON
Heinemann Educational Books Ltd
LONDON EDINBURGH MELBOURNE AUCKLAND TORONTO
HONG KONG SINGAPORE KUALALUMPUR NEW DELHI
IBADAN NAIROBI! JOHANNESBURG LUSAKA
KINGSTON
ISBN O 435 68613 5
© M. Nelkon 1973
First published entitled Light and Sound 1950
Reprinted three times
Second Edition 1955
Reprinted five times
Third Edition 1965 (reset)
Reprinted 1966
Fourth Edition (SI) 1969
Reprinted 1970
Fifth edition entitled Optics, Sound and Waves 1973
Reprinted 1976
Published by
Heinemann Educational Books Ltd
48 Charles Street, London W1X 8AH
Text setin 10/11 pt. Monotype Times New Roman, printed by photolithography,
and bound in Great Britain at The Pitman Press, Bath
B55,
NES
19-7$
a it Se
Contents
Ch. Page
15 Optics: Introduction 387
16 Reflection at plane surfaces 391
17 Reflection at curved surfaces 402
18 Refraction at plane surfaces 420
19 Refraction through prisms 441
20 Dispersion. Spectra 454
21 Refraction through lenses ‘ 471
22 Defects of vision. Defects of lenses 508
23 Optical instruments : 525
24 Velocity of light. Photometry . ash
25 Oscillations and waves. Sound waves 577
26 Characteristics, properties, velocity of sound 606
27 Vibrations in pipes, strings, rods 640
28 Optics: Wave theory of light 675
Va o
29 Interference, diffraction, polarization. 687
30 Further topics in Optics . 729
31 Electromagnetic waves 758
Answers to exercises . Fas
fB/Of Index. 781
ANCKSOR sSTl aRyOR SICROOL LEGEL IBRARY
On MICHIGAN or
COVER PHOTOGRAPH
The cover photograph shows a pattern of vibration of a tenor viol,
mapped out by the time-averaged technique of laser photography.
The instrument was vibrating steadily at a resonance frequency of 285 Hz
while hologram was recorded. The interference pattern is a contour
map of the amplitude of vibration for this particular resonance, the
bright fringes representing the stationary nodal region.
This photograph was obtained by Dr Karl A. Stepson while he was
working in England at the National Physical Laboratory. It is published
by kind permission of the Director of N.P.L. and is Crown Copyright
reserved.
Preface
This textbook deals with the principles of Optics, Sound and their associ-
ated Waves to a General Certificate of Education Advanced Level, and
assumes an Ordinary level knowledge of the subject. The main part of
the work comprises the Optics and Sound section of Advanced Level
Physics, SI edition, and the chapter and page numbers have been retained
except for the final two chapters. These additional new chapters cover
further topics in optics and electromagnetic waves. The whole work
modernises and replaces the author’s textbook Light and Sound.
Geometrical Optics has been discussed first. Here the optical functions
of mirrors, prisms and lenses have been considered and applied in optical
instruments. The sign convention adopted in formulae is the real is
positive, virtual is negative convention, and examples of its applications,
including the case of the virtual object, have been given in the text. (A
text using the alternative New Cartesian convention is given in a separate
edition.)
In Sound, an account has been given of the physical principles of plane-
progressive and stationary waves, and their applications to the vibrations
in pipes, strings and rods. An introduction to sound recording and
reproduction has also been included in the text.
Physical or Wave Optics begins with an account of the wave theory of
light, followed by an introduction to interference, diffraction and polarisa-
tion. In view of their importance, diffraction, resolving power and inter-
ference are discussed further in the next chapter, and a final chapter
contains an account of the propagation and properties of electromagnetic
waves and their application in the polarisation of light. Itis hoped that the
last two chapters will be particularly useful for students taking the
Nuffield Advanced course.
Throughout the text numerical examples, taken from past examination
papers, have been included in illustration of the subject matter and the
calculus has been used only where necessary.
The author is indebted to M. V. Detheridge, William Ellis
School, London, and R. P. T. Hills, St. John’s College, Cambridge, for
reading the final section and their valuable advice. He is also indebted to
L. J. Beckett, William Ellis School, London, for the opportunity to
participate in teaching the new Nuffield Advanced course.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
For assistance in past editions, I am particularly grateful to Professor
W. C. Price, F.R.S., King’s College, London University; Dr. R. S.
Longhurst, senior lecturer, Chelsea College of Science and Technology;
viii PREFACE
J. H. Avery, senior science master, Stockport Grammar School; L. G.
Mead, Wellington School, Somerset ;a nd ProfessoHr. T. Flint, formerly
of Bedford College, London University.
I am also indebted to the following Examination Boards for their
kind permission to reproduce questions set in past examinations:
University of London (Z.,)
Joint Matriculation Board (N.)
Oxford and Cambridge Joint Board (O. & C.)
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (C.)
Oxford Local Examinations Delegacy (O.)