Table Of Content

. YOUR TIME IS LIMITED, SO DON’T WASTE IT LIVING SOMEONE ELSE’S LIFE. DON’T BE TRAPPED BY DOGMA - WHICH IS LIVING WITH THE RESULTS OF OTHER PEOPLE’S THINKING. DON’T LET THE NOISE OF OTHERS’ OPINIONS DROWN OUT YOUR OWN INNER VOICE. AND MOST IMPORTANT, HAVE THE COURAGE TO FOLLOW YOUR HEART AND INTUITION. STAY HUNGRY, STAY FOOLISH. STEVE JOBS FREEDOM IS NOT WORTH HAVING IF IT DOES NOT INCLUDE THE FREEDOM TO MAKE MISTAKES. MAHATMA GANDHI THE HISTORY OF SCIENCE SHOWS THAT THEORIES ARE PERISHABLE. WITH EVERY NEW TRUTH THAT IS REVEALED WE GET A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF NATURE AND OUR CONCEPTIONS AND VIEWS ARE MODIFIED. NIKOLA TESLA B A L U C H A N D R A O P T I C S S I M P L I F I E D Copyright©2016BaluChandra http://www.amazon.com Licenseinformation. Firstprinting,April2016 Contents 1 ViewandVision 23 1.1 AboutCamera&Photography 23 1.1.1 DetectorTypes 23 1.1.2 Lightcollectionoptics. 25 1.2 MoreaboutEye 27 1.3 WhatandHowweSee 27 2 Lightpropagation: CatchtheRunner 29 2.1 Refraction: Whenlightreducesitsvelocity 30 2.1.1 Howmuchdoeslightbend?(Snell’sLaw) 31 2.2 Prism&Color 32 2.2.1 CalculatingDeviationδ 34 2.2.2 MinimumDeviationδ 34 min 2.2.3 Lens&Focusing 36 3 LightasaWave 37 3.1 Howcanwesaylightisawave? 37 3.2 Young’sDoubleSlitExperiment 39 3.3 RepresentingLightasaWave 40 3.4 Young’sDoubleSlitCalculations 41 3.4.1 1.FringeIrradianceI atpointP(Interference) 41 P 3.4.2 2.FringeWidth 42 6 3.5 Interferometry 44 3.5.1 Michelsoninterferometer 44 3.5.2 ApplicationsofMichelsoninterferometer. 46 3.5.3 Mach-ZehnderInterferometer 48 3.5.3.1 ApplicationsofMach-Zehnderinterferometer. 48 3.6 MultipleBeamInterference 51 3.6.1 OpticalPathDifferencebetweensuccessivebeams. 51 3.6.2 InterferenceofReflectedBeams 52 3.6.3 GeneralApproachtoMultipleInterference 54 3.6.4 FabryPerotInterferometer 58 3.6.4.1 ApplicationsofFabryPerotinterferometry. . . 60 3.7 Diffraction 65 3.7.1 Fresnel-KirchhoffDiffractionFormula 66 3.7.2 Rayleigh-SommerfeldDiffractionFormula. 68 3.7.3 FraunhoferDiffraction 70 3.7.4 FraunhoferDiffraction:RectangularAperture 74 3.7.5 FraunhoferDiffraction:CircularAperture 77 3.7.6 DiffractionGrating 81 3.7.7 FresnelDiffraction 87 3.7.8 FresnelDiffractionataStraightEdge 90 3.7.9 FresnelDiffractionbyaRectangularAperture. 93 4 LightasElectromagneticRadiation 99 4.1 Maxwell’sEquation. 100 (cid:126) 4.1.1 E 100 (cid:126) 4.1.2 B 103 4.2 Maxwell’sEquationsinVacuum 105 (cid:126) 4.2.1 Guass’slawforE. 105 (cid:126) 4.2.2 Guass’slawforB 105 4.2.3 Faraday’slaw 106 4.2.4 Ampere-MaxwellLaw. 108 7 4.3 Maxwell’sEquationinMatter 109 4.3.1 ElectricFieldinMatter 109 4.3.2 MagneticFieldinMatter 113 (cid:126) 4.3.3 Guass’slawforE inpresenceofmatter 115 (cid:126) (cid:126) 4.3.3.1 ElectricfieldE andElectricdisplacementfieldD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 (cid:126) 4.3.4 Guass’slawforB inpresenceofmatter 116 4.3.5 Faraday’slawinpresenceofmatter 117 4.3.6 Ampere-Maxwelllawinpresenceofmatter 117 (cid:126) 4.3.6.1 MagneticfieldH andMagneticInductionfield (cid:126) B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 4.4 Maxwell’sEquationstoWaveEquation 118 4.5 ElectromagneticWavesinSpace 119 4.6 EnergyofElectromagneticWaves. 122 4.6.1 EnergyofElectricField. 122 4.6.2 EnergyofMagneticField. 124 4.6.3 EnergyofanElectromagneticFieldandPoyntingVector. 125 4.7 ElectromagneticfieldandMaxwell’sEquation. 128 4.7.1 Guass’sLaws 128 4.7.2 Faraday’sLaw 128 4.7.3 Ampere-MaxwellLaw 130 4.8 PolarizationinElectromagneticwave 130 4.8.1 LinearPolarization 131 4.8.2 EllipticalPolarization 131 4.9 PolarizationAffectingComponents 136 4.9.1 Polarizer 137 4.9.2 Half-WavePlate 137 4.9.3 Quarter-WavePlate 138 4.10MatrixRepresentationofPolarizedLight 138 4.10.1 JonesVectorMatrix 140 4.10.1.1 JonesvectorforLinearPolarization . . . . . . . 140 4.10.1.2 JonesVectorforEllipticalPolarization. . . . . . 144 4.10.1.3 JonesVectorforOpticalElements . . . . . . . . 150 4.10.1.4 JonesVectorforCoordinateTransformations . 151 8 4.10.2 StokesVectorMatrix 153 4.10.2.1 StokesvectorforLinearPolarization . . . . . . 156 4.10.2.2 StokesVectorforEllipticalPolarization. . . . . 159 4.10.2.3 MuellerMatrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 4.10.2.4 PoincaréSphere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 4.11TEandTMPolarization. 171 4.11.1 BoundaryConditionsofElectromagneticField. 171 (cid:126) 4.11.1.1 E BoundaryConditions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 (cid:126) 4.11.1.2 BBoundaryConditions.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 4.11.2 TEPolarization. 177 4.11.3 TMPolarization. 179 5 LightAsParticles. 185 5.1 LightWavetoLightParticle. 185 5.1.1 BlackBodyRadiationProblemorUltravioletCatastrophe. 185 5.1.2 PhotoelectricEffect. 193 5.1.3 ComptonEffect. 197 5.2 PhotonStatistics. 201 5.3 ElectromagneticFieldQuantization. 204 H 5.3.1 Hamiltonian ofElectromagneticfield. 204 H 5.3.2 DefinetheCanonicalConjugatevariablesQ ,P intheHamiltonian . 210 i i 5.3.3 QuantizationofElectromagneticField. 212 5.4 QuantumOpticalRepresentationofElectromagneticfield. 214 5.4.1 FockStateorNumberState. 214 5.4.1.1 FluctuationofElectricFieldinaSingleModeField.217 5.4.2 CoherentState. 218 5.4.2.1 CoherentStateasEigenstateofAnnihilationOp- erator. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 5.4.2.2 FluctuationofElectricFieldintermsofCoherent StateforSinglemodeElectricfield. . . . . . . . 220 5.4.2.3 FluctuationofElectricFieldintermsofCoherent StateforMultimodeElectricField. . . . . . . . 221 5.4.2.4 Photonnumberfluctuation. . . . . . . . . . . . 222 5.4.2.5 Phasedistrbutionincoherentstate. . . . . . . . 223 5.4.2.6 CoherentStateasDisplacedVacuumState. . . 224 5.4.2.7 CoherentStateandQuadratureOperators.. . . 226