Optics: principles and applications

657 Pages·2006·7.463 MB·English

by  Kailash K. Sharma

OPTICS
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OPTICS
Principles and Applications
by
K. K. Sharma
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CONTENTS
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xvii
1 LIGHT WAVES 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Maxwell’s Equations 1
1.3 The Wave Equation 6
1.3.1 Plane Wave Solution 9
1.3.2 Spherical and Cylindrical Wave Solutions 12
1.3.3 Beam-Like Solutions 13
1.4 Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Waves 18
1.5 Energy Density and Poynting Vector 21
1.6 Boundary Conditions 22
1.6.1 Continuity of the Normal Components 23
1.6.2 Continuity of the Tangential Components 24
1.7 Reflection and Transmission at a Boundary 25
1.7.1 External Reflections 30
1.7.2 Reflectance and Transmittance 33
1.7.3 Internal Reflections 36
1.7.4 Frustrated Total Internal Reflection 40
1.7.5 Reflection from a Metallic Surface 42
1.8 Passage of Light through a Prism 44
1.9 Dispersion 50
1.9.1 Dispersion in Dilute Gases 52
1.9.2 Dispersion in Dense Media 53
1.9.3 Group and Signal Velocities 55
1.10 Propagation of light in Anisotropic Media 57
1.10.1 Fresnel Equation 60
1.10.2 Geometrical Constructions 62
1.10.3 Uniaxial Crystals 64
1.10.4 Biaxial Crystals 67
1.10.5 Double Refraction 69
1.10.6 Polarizing Prisms 71
vii
viii CONTENTS
1.11 References 73
1.12 Problems 73
2 COHERENCE OF LIGHT WAVES 77
2.1 Polychromatic Light 77
2.1.1 Quasi-monochromatic Light 80
2.2 Partially Coherent Light 80
2.2.1 Spatial and Temporal Coherence 81
2.3 Complex Coherence Functions 82
2.3.1 Stationary and Time-Averaged Fields 83
2.3.2 Intensity of Polychromatic Light 84
2.4 Self Coherence 86
2.4.1 Complex Degree of Self Coherence 88
2.4.2 Fourier Transform Spectroscopy 94
2.5 Mutual Coherence 96
2.5.1 Complex Degree of Mutual Coherence 99
2.5.2 Coherence of Light from an Extended Source 102
2.5.3 Michelson Stellar Interferometer 104
2.6 Van Cittert–Zernike Theorem 106
2.6.1 Incoherent Quasi-monochromatic Source of Circular
Cross-Section 109
2.6.2 Area of Coherence 111
2.7 Intensity Correlations 112
2.7.1 Hanbury Brown and Twiss Experiment 113
2.7.2 Photon Statistics 114
2.8 References 116
2.9 Problems 117
3 POLARIZATION OF LIGHT WAVES 121
3.1 States of Polarization 121
3.1.1 Linear Polarization 121
3.1.2 Elliptical and Circular Polarizations 123
3.1.3 Helicity of Light Waves 125
3.2 The Polarization Ellipse 127
3.3 Matrix Representation of Polarization States 129
3.3.1 The Jones Vectors 129
3.3.2 Jones Matrices for Linear Optical Devices 134
3.4 The Stokes Parameters 139
3.4.1 Monochromatic Light 141
3.4.2 Quasi-monochromatic Light 142
CONTENTS ix
3.4.3 Completely Unpolarized Light 144
3.4.4 Mixture of Mutually Incoherent Light Fields 145
3.4.5 Geometrical Interpretation of Stokes Parameters 147
3.5 The Poincaré Sphere 148
3.6 Mueller Matrices 150
3.6.1 Linear Polarizer 151
3.6.2 Phase Retarder 152
3.7 The Coherency Matrix 153
3.8 Pancharatnam Theorem 155
3.9 References 156
3.10 Problems 156
4 GEOMETRICAL OPTICS 159
4.1 Introduction 159
4.1.1 Paraxial Approximation 160
4.2 Ray Matrix Approach to Gaussian Optics 161
4.2.1 The Lens Matrix 163
4.2.2 Cardinal Points of a Lens 168
4.2.3 Ray Transformation between Principal Planes 172
4.2.4 Ray Matrix for Image Formation 177
4.2.5 Ray Tracing 183
4.2.6 Ray Matrix for Reflection 184
4.3 Optical Systems 187
4.3.1 Apertures and Stops 187
4.3.2 Single Lens Magnifier 189
4.3.3 Single Lens Camera 192
4.3.4 Two-Lens Optical Systems 193
4.3.5 The Microscope 195
4.3.6 The Telescope 199
4.3.7 Telephoto Lens 202
4.4 Optics of a Laser Cavity 204
4.5 Optics of the Human Eye 209
4.5.1 Defects of the Human Eye 211
4.6 Cylindrical Lens 212
4.7 References 213
4.8 Problems 213
5 LENS ABERRATIONS 217
5.1 Stigmatic Image 217
5.2 Aplanatic Points 218