Optics for Engineers

550 Pages·2011·8.167 MB·English

by  DiMarzio, Charles A.

Engineering
OPTICS
for Engineers
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The field of optics has become central to major developments in medical imaging, oP
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remote sensing, communication, micro- and nanofabrication, and consumer
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technology, among other areas. Applications of optics are now found in products nT
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such as laser printers, bar-code scanners, and even mobile phones. There is a
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growing need for engineers to understand the principles of optics in order to
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develop new instruments and improve existing optical instrumentation. Based eC
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on a graduate course taught at Northeastern University, Optics for Engineers s
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provides a rigorous, practical introduction to the field of optics. Drawing on his
experience in industry, the author presents the fundamentals of optics related

to the problems encountered by engineers and researchers in designing and
analyzing optical systems.
Beginning with a history of optics, the book introduces Maxwell’s equations, the
wave equation, and the eikonal equation, which form the mathematical basis of
the field of optics. It then leads readers through a discussion of geometric optics
that is essential to most optics projects. The book also lays out the fundamentals
of physical optics—polarization, interference, and diffraction—in sufficient depth
to enable readers to solve many realistic problems. It continues the discussion of
diffraction with some closed-form expressions for the important case of Gaussian
beams. A chapter on coherence guides readers in understanding the applicability
of the results in previous chapters and sets the stage for an exploration of Fourier
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optics. Addressing the importance of the measurement and quantification of light
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in determining the performance limits of optical systems, the book then covers
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radiometry, photometry, and optical detection. It also introduces nonlinear optics.
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This comprehensive reference includes downloadable MATLAB® code as well o
as numerous problems, examples, and illustrations. An introductory text for
graduate and advanced undergraduate students, it is also a useful resource for
researchers and engineers developing optical systems.
K10366
OPTICS
for Engineers
Charles A. DiMarzio
MATLAB® is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant the
accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB® software or related products
does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular
use of the MATLAB® software.
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Version Date: 20110804
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To my late Aunt, F. Esther DiMarzio, retired principal of Kingston
(Massachusetts) Elementary School, who, by her example,
encouraged me to walk the path of learning and teaching, and to my
wife Sheila, who walks it with me.
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
CONTENTS IN BRIEF
1 Introduction 1
2 BasicGeometricOptics 35
3 MatrixOptics 59
4 Stops,Pupils,andWindows 83
5 Aberrations 111
6 PolarizedLight 133
7 Interference 181
8 Diffraction 233
9 GaussianBeams 277
10 Coherence 307
11 FourierOptics 335
12 RadiometryandPhotometry 361
13 OpticalDetection 411
14 NonlinearOptics 439
V
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CONTENTS
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xxi
Author xxiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 WhyOptics? 1
1.2 History 4
1.2.1 EarliestYears 4
1.2.2 AlHazan 4
1.2.3 1600–1800 4
1.2.4 1800–1900 5
1.2.5 QuantumMechanicsandEinstein’sMiraculousYear 5
1.2.6 Middle1900s 6
1.2.7 TheLaserArrives 6
1.2.8 TheSpaceDecade 7
1.2.9 TheLate1900sandBeyond 8
1.3 OpticalEngineering 8
1.4 ElectromagneticsBackground 9
1.4.1 Maxwell’sEquations 9
1.4.2 WaveEquation 13
1.4.3 VectorandScalarWaves 18
1.4.4 Impedance,PoyntingVector,andIrradiance 18
1.4.5 WaveNotationConventions 20
1.4.6 SummaryofElectromagnetics 22
1.5 Wavelength,Frequency,Power,andPhotons 22
1.5.1 Wavelength,Wavenumber,Frequency,andPeriod 22
1.5.2 FieldStrength,Irradiance,andPower 23
1.5.3 EnergyandPhotons 24
1.5.4 SummaryofWavelength,Frequency,Power,andPhotons 25
1.6 EnergyLevelsandTransitions 25
1.7 MacroscopicEffects 26
1.7.1 SummaryofMacroscopicEffects 27
1.8 BasicConceptsofImaging 27
1.8.1 EikonalEquationandOpticalPathLength 29
1.8.2 Fermat’sPrinciple 31
1.8.3 Summary 33
1.9 OverviewoftheBook 33
Problems 34
VII
VIII CONTENTS
2 BasicGeometricOptics 35
2.1 Snell’sLaw 36
2.2 ImagingwithaSingleInterface 39
2.3 Reflection 40
2.3.1 PlanarSurface 41
2.3.2 CurvedSurface 44
2.4 Refraction 46
2.4.1 PlanarSurface 47
2.4.2 CurvedSurface 48
2.5 SimpleLens 51
2.5.1 ThinLens 53
2.6 Prisms 55
2.7 ReflectiveSystems 56
Problems 57
3 MatrixOptics 59
3.1 MatrixOpticsConcepts 60
3.1.1 BasicMatrices 61
3.1.2 CascadingMatrices 63
3.1.2.1 TheSimpleLens 63
3.1.2.2 GeneralProblems 65
3.1.2.3 Example 66
3.1.3 SummaryofMatrixOpticsConcepts 66
3.2 InterpretingtheResults 67
3.2.1 PrincipalPlanes 67
3.2.2 Imaging 69
3.2.3 SummaryofPrincipalPlanesandInterpretation 71
3.3 TheThickLensAgain 71
3.3.1 SummaryoftheThickLens 74
3.4 Examples 74
3.4.1 ACompoundLens 74
3.4.2 2×MagnifierwithCompoundLens 75
3.4.3 GlobalCoordinates 78
3.4.4 Telescopes 79
Problems 81
4 Stops,Pupils,andWindows 83
4.1 ApertureStop 83
4.1.1 SolidAngleandNumericalAperture 84
4.1.2 f-Number 85
4.1.3 Example:Camera 87
4.1.4 SummaryoftheApertureStop 88
4.2 FieldStop 88
4.2.1 ExitWindow 89
4.2.2 Example:Camera 89
4.2.3 SummaryoftheFieldStop 91
4.3 Image-SpaceExample 91
4.4 LocatingandIdentifyingPupilsandWindows 93
4.4.1 Object-SpaceDescription 94
4.4.2 Image-SpaceDescription 95
4.4.3 FindingthePupilandApertureStop 96
4.4.4 FindingtheWindows 97
4.4.5 SummaryofPupilsandWindows 97
CONTENTS IX
4.5 Examples 98
4.5.1 Telescope 98
4.5.1.1 SummaryofScanning 101
4.5.2 Scanning 101
4.5.3 MagnifiersandMicroscopes 103
4.5.3.1 SimpleMagnifier 103
4.5.3.2 CompoundMicroscope 104
4.5.3.3 Infinity-CorrectedCompoundMicroscope 106
Problems 109
5 Aberrations 111
5.1 ExactRayTracing 112
5.1.1 RayTracingComputation 112
5.1.2 AberrationsinRefraction 114
5.1.3 SummaryofRayTracing 114
5.2 EllipsoidalMirror 115
5.2.1 AberrationsandFieldofView 117
5.2.2 DesignAberrations 117
5.2.3 AberrationsandAperture 117
5.2.4 SummaryofMirrorAberrations 119
5.3 SeidelAberrationsandOPL 119
5.3.1 SphericalAberration 120
5.3.2 Distortion 120
5.3.3 Coma 121
5.3.4 FieldCurvatureandAstigmatism 121
5.3.5 SummaryofSeidelAberrations 123
5.4 SphericalAberrationforaThinLens 124
5.4.1 CoddingtonFactors 124
5.4.2 Analysis 125
5.4.3 Examples 126
5.5 ChromaticAberration 129
5.5.1 Example 129
5.6 DesignIssues 130
5.7 LensDesign 131
Problems 132
6 PolarizedLight 133
6.1 FundamentalsofPolarizedLight 133
6.1.1 LightasaTransverseWave 133
6.1.2 LinearPolarization 134
6.1.3 CircularPolarization 135
6.1.4 NoteaboutRandomPolarization 136
6.2 BehaviorofPolarizingDevices 137
6.2.1 LinearPolarizer 137
6.2.2 WavePlate 138
6.2.3 Rotator 139
6.2.3.1 SummaryofPolarizingDevices 139
6.3 InteractionwithMaterials 139
6.4 FresnelReflectionandTransmission 141
6.4.1 Snell’sLaw 143
6.4.2 ReflectionandTransmission 143
6.4.3 Power 146
6.4.4 TotalInternalReflection 148
6.4.5 TransmissionthroughaBeamSplitterorWindow 150