Optical Switching and Networking Handbook

321 Pages·2001·6.233 MB·English

by  Regis ìBudî Bates

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OPTICAL
SWITCHING AND
NETWORKING
HANDBOOK
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01_200023_FM/Bates 1/17/01 10:10 AM Page iii
Optical
Switching and
Networking
Handbook
Regis J. “Bud” Bates
McGraw-Hill
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DOI: 10.1036/0071382887
01_200023_FM/Bates 1/17/01 10:10 AM Page v
CONTENTS
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Chapter 1 Introduction to Optical Communications 1
Transmission System Terms 3
History of Optical and Fiber in Telecommunications 8
The Demand for Bandwidth 9
Fiber Justification 13
How It Works 14
Facts about Fiberoptics 15
Fiber Myths 17
Types of Fibers 19
An Application of Fiberoptics 20
Growth in Fiber-Based Systems 22
The Emergence of Wavelength-Division Multiplexing 24
Chapter 2 Basic Fiberoptics Technologies 27
What About the Local Carrier? 32
The Fiber Concept 33
Transmitting the Signal
on the Glass 34
Types of Fiber 37
Fiber Cable Types 38
Benefits of Fiber over Other Forms of Media 44
Bending Cables 45
Sending Light Down the Wires 46
Lasers 48
Fiber Cable Conditions 49
Getting Fiber to Carry the Signal 50
Chapter 3 SONET 53
Background Leading to SONET Development 55
The North American Digital Hierarchy 56
DS-0 56
DS-1 57
DS-3 57
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vi Contents
Asynchronous Transmission 58
Bit Stuffing 59
SONET: A Means of Synchronizing Digital Signals 60
SONET Line Rates 61
Why Bother Synchronizing? 63
The SONET Frame 64
Overhead 64
Inside the STS-1 Frame 67
SONET Overhead 68
Overhead 69
Line Overhead 69
Path Overhead 70
Virtual Tributaries 70
SONET Multiplexing Functions 71
Concatenation 73
Add-Drop Multiplexing: A SONET Benefit 75
SONET Topologies 76
Point-to-Point 77
Point-to-Multipoint 77
Hub and Spoke 78
Ring 78
Chapter 4 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy 81
Why SDH/SONET 83
Synchronous Communications 84
Plesiochronous 84
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy 86
Data Transmission Rates 87
Some Differences to Note 88
The Multiplexing Scheme 89
Why the Hype? 100
The Model as It Pertains to SDH 102
Chapter 5 Wave-Division Multiplexing and Dense-Wave-Division
Multiplexing 105
Growing Demands 107
What Is Driving the Demand for Bandwidth? 107
Wave-Division Multiplexing 109
Benefits of Fiber over Other Media 114
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Contents vii
Wave-Division Multiplexing 114
Why DWDM? 116
Installing More Fiber Just Does Not Do It! 122
Getting There from Here 123
Chapter 6 Optical Switching Systems and Technologies 125
Optical Switching in the Metropolitan Network 127
Wide-Area Networks 128
Metropolitan Migration 129
The Need for Metropolitan DWDM Networks 133
Dynamic Optical Add-Drop Multiplexing 133
Ring Interconnection 134
Bottlenecks at the Switch 135
Multiple Choices Available 136
Mirror-Mirror on the Wall ... 136
Lucent Takes to the Waves 140
MEMS Enhance Optical Switching 142
Economical MEMS 143
Scalable Solutions 144
Easy Upgrades 145
Not Everyone Is Convinced 146
Agilent Does Optical Switching Differently 146
Single Big Fabric or Multiple Smaller Fabrics? 146
Bubble Bubble, Who Has the Bubble? 149
Alcatel Blows Bubbles 150
Chapter 7 Optical Networking and Switching Vendors 153
The Growing Demand 155
Caution: Standards Committees at Work 155
Let the Buying Begin 160
Is There an Alternative in the House? 161
Pay as You Grow 163
Bandwidth Demand Driven by Growing Competition 163
New Applications 164
Applications for DWDM 165
If You Cannot Build It, Buy It 165
Building Block of the Photonic Network 166
The Final List 171
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viii Contents
Chapter 8 High-Speed Applications 185
Add-Drop Multiplexing: A SONET/SDH Application 188
SONET/SDH Topologies 190
Point-to-Point 190
Point-to-Multipoint 193
Hub-and-Spoke 193
Ring 194
Access Methods 195
Alternative Approaches to Multiple Services Delivery 198
What about the Metropolitan-Area Networks? 202
Applications for DWDM 205
Building Block of the Optical Network 206
The Wide-Area Network 211
Chapter 9 Cost Implications and Financial Trending 215
Sometimes It Is the Fiber 217
It Is in the Glass 219
Transparent Optical Networks 222
Opaque Optical Networks 222
DWDM Capabilities 224
Handling the Bandwidth Crunch 226
Optical Cross-Connects 227
Implementing DWDM 229
Costs for the Metropolitan Networks 231
DWDM Application Drivers 232
Future Upgrades 232
Opportunity Costs 233
Faster, Better, Cheaper 234
Chapter 10 The Future of Optical Networking
(Where Is It All Heading?) 237
Changes in Infrastructure 239
Enter the Packet-Switching World 242
Legacy Systems 245
Migration Is the Solution 246
DWDM Created the Sizzle 247
So What About Now? 249
QoS a Reality! 253
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Contents ix
Another Thought 254
What Then Can We Do? 256
Satisfying the Last Mile 258
Wireless Optical Networking (WON) 260
Final Thoughts 264
Acronyms 267
Glossary 273
Index 291